Changes

:''"...a resource is prone to underuse in a 'tragedy of the anticommons' when multiple owners each have a right to exclude others from a scarce resource and no one has an effective privilege of use."''

*Typical solutions to anticommons in the biomedical field, such as patent pools, can be derailed by high transaction costs, heterogeneous interests and cognitive biases.

:''"Current examples in biomedical research demonstrate two mechanisms by which a government might inadvertently create an anticommons: either by creating too many concurrent fragments of intellectual property rights in potential future products or by permitting too many upstream patent owners to stack licenses on top of the future discoveries of downstream users."''