We could instead use the forward first difference - this isn't available for the last observation (for which we can't compute a second central anyway) but is available for the first observation - and increment the answer, much as Jim proposes decrementing it when using the backward layer. But seeing as we can't use the first observation we've gained nothing anyway! So we'll do Jim's method verbatim, and declare the result null if it comes out as either the first or last layer.
{{Colored box|title=Specification|content=For layer <math>l</math>, I will compute the concavity as -1 times the backward first difference in the variance explained ratio from layer <math>l+1</math> divided by the central second difference in the variance explained ratio from <math>l</math>. The first and last layers are forbidden results.}}
===Version 3.5 build notes===