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**Key players include the Department of Defense, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) (now the HHS, which includes the NIH)
*1970's to 2000: Federal funding declines, private funding increases again. By 1997, federal funding is at 59% and private at 7%.
 
In the post war period, many federal agencies allowed patenting of funded research under Institutional Patent Agreements (IPAs), which were negotiated by individual univerities. Tensions in these agreements, over exclusivity, intensified in the late 1970s, when the HEW wanted to limit exclusive licensing.
 
'''AUTM ''' is the Association of University Technology Managers
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