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*'''Vertical Specialization''' - is the specialization in one component of the vertical supply chain, and outsourcing of this component
*'''IPAs''' (Institutional Patent Agreements) were used by the NIH and other government funders prior to Bayh-Dole.
==Innovation Market Failures==
1834 Legislation PTO required to have trained examiners ([[Lamoreaux Sokoloff (2005) - Decline Of The Independent Inventor |Lamoreaux and Sokoloff (2005)]])
1890's Legislation Revisions to Antitrust law [[Mowery (2009) - Plus Ca Change |Mowery (2009)]]
1904 Legislation Supreme Court's Northern Securities limits horizontal mergers [[Mowery (2009) - Plus Ca Change |Mowery (2009)]]
1912 Industry Event Research Corporation founded [[Mowery Ziedonis (2001) - How Has The Bayh Dole Act Affected Us University Patenting And Licensing |Mowery and Ziedonis, (2001)]]
1974 Cohen-Boyer DNA splicing patent is disclosed and licensed to UC and Stanford [[Mowery Ziedonis (2001) - How Has The Bayh Dole Act Affected Us University Patenting And Licensing |Mowery and Ziedonis, (2001)]]
1986 Kodak-Polaroid Decision on instant camera patent;
final injunction against Kodak leading to $1B judgment
1986 Legislation Federal Transfer Act - authorized federal labs to conduct commercial research and development agreements (CRADAs) with private firms [[Mowery (2009) - Plus Ca Change |Mowery (2009)]] and development agreements (CRADAs) with private firms
1994 TRIPS agreement harmonization drive begins
1998 State Street and ATT vs. Excel patentability of business methods
