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→Valdivia: University Start-ups: Critical for Improving Technology Transfer (2013)
*1979: 30 universities with TTO -> 1999: 174 universities (AUTM)
*2010: 206 US universities have very high or high research activity, all with TTOs (but not all report to AUTM) (Carnegie Classification of Higher Education)
*over Over last 20 years, 87% of universities did not break even*clash Clash between aims of university (non-profit) and TTO (essentially a business unit)*by By nurturing start-ups, TTOs can add most economic value to an invention disclosure
*2003: universities initiated 330 startups, 2012: 647 startups
*2012: 3715 operating university startups, almost double the number in 2000 (AUTM 2013)
*startups Startups mitigate financial risk by reducing reliance on blockbuster patents, increase diversification of portfolio*policy Policy proposal: the government should increase funding for Small Business Technology Transfer Program (directed to university start-ups)
**H.R.2981: reapportions STTR funds at 0.05% in the next 2 years and 0.1% henceforth for university enterprises at proof of concept stage
*Should increase portion that agencies set aside for STTR
**STTR should have Phase III like SBIR to fund commercialization efforts
*Need equitable distribution across university system
=== The Bayh-Dole Act and High-Technology Entrepreneurship in U.S. Universities: Chicken, Egg, or Something Else? (2004) ===
