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→Findings
====Findings====
*University licensing has increased dramatically post-Bayh-Dole (1980)
**According to AUTM 1996, licenses executed increased 75% from 1991-1996, (total: 13,087)
*Survey of TTOs of 62 major US universities
**Majority of universities retain titles to inventions
**All universities split income with inventors
**Royalties generate most of the revenue of licensing
*Regression of licensing outcomes (sponsored research, royalties, patents) to stated objectives of the TTO and invention characteristics
*Open question: Is the increased propensity of faculty to disclose a response to financial incentives or an increase in the effectiveness of TTOs in inducing disclosure?
Survey
*62/135 universities responded,
*63% public, and 62% of public universities that responded were land-grant
*37% private
*average industry sponsored research $16.9 mil, federally sponsored $149.6 mil (1996)
*average TTO: 26.3 licenses executed, 92.3 invention disclosures, 30.1 new patent apps, $4.2 mil income (1006)
*35% of respondents had reorganized TTO since 1990
*90% of universities allow faculty to establish and operate businesses based on technology owned by university but developed in faculty's research
*Inventions disclosed: 33% med schools, 29% engineering, 22% science, 6% agriculture, 10% other
*Majority of invention disclosures in nascent stage (proof of concept or prototype)
====Data Sources====
