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===Bessen, Ford, Meurer: The Private and Social Costs of Patent Trolls (2011) - example===
====Findings====
*"NPE lawsuits are associated with half a trillion dollars of lost wealth to defendants from 1990 through 2010, mostly from technology companies."
*"During the last four years the lost wealth has averaged over $80 billion per year."
*"We argue that patents on software and business methods are litigated much more frequently because they have “fuzzy boundaries.”"
*"Some characteristics of defendant firms in our sample are reported in Table 1. These are, on average, large firms."
====Data Sources====
The $500 billion of lost wealth is calculated by measuring the loss in stock price after the announcement of a patent lawsuit.
NPE list is taken from [Patent Freedom https://www.patentfreedom.com/], which is owned by RPX Corporation. RPX Corporation provides services to defend against NPE lawsuits.
RPX: "Since 2008, we have spent $2+ billion on patent assets, acquiring more than 15,000 US and international patent assets and rights."[http://www.rpxcorp.com/rpx-services/rpx-patent-sales/] RPX is an NPE.
====Critiques====
Share price analysis only works for publicly traded companies.
RPX Corporation's business model of litigation protection services may benefit from an increased number of NPE lawsuits, especially those that they claim were defended effectively due to RPX Corporation help. A conflict of interest exists for RPX between providing accurate database information and inflating numbers to generate more revenue for the business.
RPX explains how they define PAEs [http://www.rpxcorp.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/12/RPX-Public-PAE-Report-Q3-2015-Final.pdf]:
"• RPX identifies public PAEs through a manual review process performed by
experienced employees with knowledge of the patent industry.
• The process includes, among other things, reviewing public filings; searching for
evidence of operating or patent monetization activities on the Internet, including
company websites; reviewing complaints, with a focus on accused products and
allegations regarding products and/or services sold by the patent owner; considering
the outside counsel employed by the entity (e.g. whether outside counsel has a
history of representing public PAEs); reviewing corporate disclosure statements
filed in litigation; and soliciting market intelligence from patent professionals.
• The public PAEs for this particular report represent the largest, most established
public PAEs as well as several recently formed public PAEs that have become public
via reverse mergers.
• While there are elements of subjectivity in this approach, RPX believes that the
process is robust based on feedback from other patent professionals "
====Other Discoveries====
[http://www.observatorioabaco.es/biblioteca/docs/45_OECD_WP_200909_2009.pdf Yanagisawa and Guellec (2009)] provide definitions on NPEs.
Public PAEs are under performing the market (based off share price). If PAEs are not making enough money, will they become desperate and sue more firms, or reduce their assertion activities because of high court costs?[http://www.rpxcorp.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/12/RPX-Public-PAE-Report-Q3-2015-Final.pdf]
→Lit Reviews
==Lit Reviews==
===Thursby, J. & Thursby, M.: Who Is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing (2002)===
