Changes

These results contribute to the growing literature on the industrial impact of academic research. The bulk of this literature has focused either on the role of patents and publications in the transfer process (see Adams 1990, Henderson et al. 1998, and Jaffe et al. 1993) or on consulting, sponsored research or institutional ties (see Cohen et al. 1998; Mansfield 1995; Zucker et al. 1994, 1998). While several recent papers provide evidence on the nature of university licensing (e.g., Jensen and Thursby 2001, Mowery et al. 2001a,b, Mowery et al. 2001, Siegel et al. 1999, Thursby et al. 2001, Thursby and Kemp 2001), none of them provides a structure that allows analysis of the sources of growth.

[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/637f/048c05ee83eb84a914f69e087f52acea1b6c.pdf]