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Add stock ownership code to data

Link to "The U.S. Listing Gap" PDF - http://www.nber.org/papers/w21181.pdf

http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21709007-private-equity-has-prospered-while-almost-every-other-approach-business-has-stumbled

The standard explanation for why private equity might be expected to outperform the market is that it can ignore the dictates of “quarterly capitalism”—meaning impatient investors. This is not particularly convincing. The people who work for private-equity firms are a caffeinated bunch. During volatile times they often require constant updates on their portfolio companies’ results, and can intervene to quash even the most trivial use of cash.

https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-06-24/where-have-all-the-publicly-traded-companies-gone-

Also references a paper that was what I wanted to cover.

According to figures published in The Economist, one in four mid-sized firms and one in ten large firms in the U.S. are under PE ownership as of 2016, with one PE firm (Carlyle) employing 725,000 people, second only to Walmart.6

http://nvca.org/pressreleases/58-8-billion-in-venture-capital-invested-across-u-s-in-2015-according-to-the-moneytree-report-2/

IPO historic underpricing

IPO Rate

http://www.renaissancecapital.com/ipohome/press/ipopricings.aspx