Changes

The approach below , using American Fact Finder, seems to have been supersededbe the most standard. However, it does look like it works if you choose the right data year -- 2012 ACS 1-year estimates or 5 year estimates -- seems to have all of the information needed. See the [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/download_center.xhtml Fact Finder Download Center]. Note that the 1 yr estimates are only available for places with populations of 65,000 people or more, the 1yr supplemental estimates cover down to places with 20,000 people or more, and the 5 yr estimates cover a whopping 29,573 places [https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/geography-acs/areas-published.html], as compared with just 630 for the 1yr and 2,323 or the 1yr supplements.

One can download the PUMS data for 2017 here: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/pums/2017/1-Year/However, PUMS is only available for places in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Use_Microdata_Area Public Use Microdata Areas], which have a population 100,000 or more.

And state-by-state, it looks possible to get the latest data profiles (2013-2017 at present5 yr estimates)but not place by place as data, just as an aggregate:

For just population, also see: http://census.ire.org/data/bulkdata.html. This seems to be based on the 2000 or 2010 census data only.