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Women in Entrepreneurship Lit Review (view source)
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, 11:36, 25 January 2018no edit summary
year = {2013},
pages = {442--444}
}
==Gender and Venture Capital==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
Tinkler, Justine E., Kjersten Bunker Whittington, Manwai C. Ku, and Andrea Rees Davies. 2015. “Gender and Venture Capital Decision-Making: The Effects of Technical Background and Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Evaluations.” Social Science Research 51 (May):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008.
@article{tinkler_gender_2015,
title = {Gender and venture capital decision-making: {The} effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations},
volume = {51},
issn = {0049-089X},
shorttitle = {Gender and venture capital decision-making},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14002324},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008},
abstract = {Research on gender and workplace decision-making tends to address either supply-side disparities between men’s and women’s human and social capital, or demand-side differences in the status expectations of women and men workers. In addition, this work often relies on causal inferences drawn from empirical data collected on worker characteristics and their workplace outcomes. In this study, we demonstrate how tangible education and work history credentials – typically associated with supply-side characteristics – work in tandem with cultural beliefs about gender to influence the evaluative process that underlies venture capital decisions made in high-growth, high-tech entrepreneurship. Using an experimental design, we simulate funding decisions by venture capitalists (VCs) for men and women entrepreneurs that differ in technical background and the presence of important social ties. We demonstrate the presence of two distinct aspects of VCs’ evaluation: that of the venture and that of the entrepreneur, and find that the gender of the entrepreneur influences evaluations most when the person, rather than the venture, is the target of evaluation. Technical background qualifications moderate the influence of gendered expectations, and women receive more of a payoff than men from having a close contact to the evaluating VC. We discuss the implications for future research on gender and work.},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Social Science Research},
author = {Tinkler, Justine E. and Bunker Whittington, Kjersten and Ku, Manwai C. and Davies, Andrea Rees},
month = may,
year = {2015},
keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Gender bias, Social psychology, Technology},
pages = {1--16}
}
Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, Myra M. Hart, and Elizabeth Gatewood. 2002. “The Role of Social Capital and Gender in Linking Financial Suppliers and Entrepreneurial Firms: A Framework for Future Research.” Venture Capital 4 (4):305–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106022000024897.
@article{brush_role_2002,
title = {The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: {A} framework for future research},
volume = {4},
issn = {1369-1066},
shorttitle = {The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106022000024897},
doi = {10.1080/1369106022000024897},
abstract = {Equity capital fuels growth companies and yields high returns for investors. The process of equity investment and ultimate harvesting of innovative companies has created significant wealth among fund investors, venture capitalists, angels and new entrepreneurs. Extensive research investigates all phases of the venture capital investment process, industry characteristics and returns to investors. Surprisingly absent from current research are studies including women, on both the supply (equity provider) and demand (equity seeker) sides. Women make significant contributions to the US economy in the workforce and as business owners, yet research about women as recipients of equity capital and providers of equity is extremely scarce. This raises a question–are women being left out of the wealth creation process? Our paper addresses this question by exploring women's role in supply and demand of equity capital. We utilize a social capital perspective to develop a conceptual framework and focus our analysis on early stage and angel investment. The paper concludes with directions for future research.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Venture Capital},
author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth},
month = oct,
year = {2002},
keywords = {Venture capital, Business Angels, Social Capital, Venture Capitalists, Women Entrepreneurs},
pages = {305--323}
}
Cooper, Arnold C., F. Javier Gimeno-Gascon, and Carolyn Y. Woo. 1994. “Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing 9 (5):371–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2.
@article{cooper_initial_1994,
title = {Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance},
volume = {9},
issn = {0883-9026},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900132},
doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2},
abstract = {This research seeks to predict the performance of new ventures based on factors that can be observed at the time of start-up. Indicators of initial human and financial capital are considered to determine how they bear upon the probability of three possible performance outcomes: (1) failure, (2) marginal survival, or (3) high growth. Four categories of initial human and financial capital are examined. General human capital, represented here by the entrepreneur's education, gender, and race, may reflect the extent to which the entrepreneur has had the opportunity to develop relevant skills and contacts. Management know-how, embodied in the entrepreneur or available through advisors or partners, reflects management-specific skills and knowledge, without regard to the kind of business. Industry-specific know-how reflects specific experience in similar businesses. Financial capital is one of the most visible resources; it can create a buffer against random shocks and allow the pursuit of more capital-intensive strategies, which are better protected from imitation. The study utilizes a longitudinal study of 1053 new ventures, representative of all industry sectors and geographical regions. The research departs from most previous studies in considering different measures of performance (marginal survival and growth) and in considering explicitly whether the factors contributing to marginal survival differ from those contributing to high growth. It was found that measures of general human capital influenced both survival and growth (except for gender, with women-owned ventures being less likely to grow, but just as likely to survive). Management know-how variables had more limited impact. Having parents who had owned a business contributed to marginal survival, but not to growth. Number of partners contributed to growth but not to survival. Management level, prior employment in non-profit organizations or not having been in the labor force, and the use of professional advisors did not have significant effects. Industry-specific know-how contributed to both survival and growth. Amount of initial financial capital also contributed to both. The usefulness of the model is enhanced by the fact that the resource variables considered are relatively easy to assess and all can be considered at the time of start-up. Although some of the human capital variables cannot easily be changed, the benefits or risks associated with each can be assessed. In some cases, potential problems can be identified so that plans can be modified to improve prospects. Overall it appears that, using a model based upon the initial human and financial capital of the venture, it is possible to predict the performance of new ventures with some degree of confidence.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Cooper, Arnold C. and Gimeno-Gascon, F. Javier and Woo, Carolyn Y.},
month = sep,
year = {1994},
pages = {371--395}
}
Buttner, E. Holly, and Benson Rosen. 1989. “Funding New Business Ventures: Are Decision Makers Biased against Women Entrepreneurs?” Journal of Business Venturing 4 (4):249–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(89)90015-3.
@article{buttner_funding_1989,
title = {Funding new business ventures: {Are} decision makers biased against women entrepreneurs?},
volume = {4},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Funding new business ventures},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902689900153},
doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(89)90015-3},
abstract = {Women have been leaving large corporations in increasing numbers in recent years to start their own businesses. However, they have not been succeeding at the same rate as their male counterparts. One potential barrier to a successful new venture is access to startup capital. Anecdotal evidence suggests that women starting their own businesses may have more difficulty obtaining financial support than men. In a loan decision simulation, this study systematically tested the allegations of female entrepreneurs that bank loan officers are more likely to grant loans, to make a counteroffer, and to make larger counteroffers to male entrepreneurs compared to female entrepreneurs under identical circumstances. Loan officers usually make funding decisions on the basis of information gathered from an interview and a business plan, while venture capitalists often screen proposals on the basis of a business plan alone. A second purpose of this study was to determine whether the mode of presentation—business plan versus business plan with interview—increased the male or female entrepreneur's probability of successfully obtaining a loan. A third purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the decision maker's previous experience on funding decisions. The recommendations of (experienced) loan officers versus (inexperienced) undergraduate students were compared in order to determine how experience and accountability influence loan decisions. The study consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 research design with three independent variables. Loan officers and undergraduate students either read a business plan, or read a business plan and watched a videotape of an interview between a loan officer and a male or female entrepreneur who was seeking a loan to start a business. Participants then indicated the likelihood that they would recommend approval of the loan, make a counteroffer of a smaller amount and the magnitude of the counteroffer. There was no evidence that sex stereotypes influenced business funding decisions. With respect to the amount of counteroffer, a significant three-way interaction was obtained between entrepreneurial gender, presentation format, and participant status. Loan officers made larger counteroffers to the female compared to the male when they read the business plan and watched the interview. Students made larger counteroffers to the male compared to the female when they read the business plan and observed the interview. Loan officers were significantly more cautious and conservative than students in their funding decisions. Failure to support allegations of bias against women entrepreneurs is discussed in terms of possible unrealistic expectations regarding the ease of obtaining startup capital. Further research is needed to examine this explanation. One implication of these findings is that female entrepreneurs should seek opportunities to meet with loan officers to present their business proposals. In the interview, the female has the opportunity to address questions of motivation and competence. On the other hand, bankers may make more impartial decisions when relying on information in the business plan alone, where financial considerations would have greater weight. Finally, the results suggest that studies using students as proxies for bank loan officers have very limited generalizability.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Buttner, E. Holly and Rosen, Benson},
month = jul,
year = {1989},
pages = {249--261}
}
Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Elizabeth J. Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and Myra Hart. 2004. “Gatekeepers of Venture Growth: A Diana Project Report on the Role and Participation of Women in the Venture Capital Industry.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1260385. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385.
@techreport{brush_gatekeepers_2004,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}},
shorttitle = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385},
abstract = {Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision makers in the venture capital industry. Data from Pratt's Guide to Venture Capital Sources for 1995 and 2000 was analyzed to identify the numbers and characteristics of women in management positions. In addition, high-profile women venture capitalists were interviewed.The study tested the hypothesis that the presence of more women in decision-making roles in the venture capital industry would provide greater access to capital for women entrepreneurs. Three key points were considered: (1) whether highly visible, experienced women venture capitalists exist in the venture capital industry; (2) whether such women venture capitalists influence decision making in their firms; and (3) whether such women venture capitalists increase the flow of women-led deals to their firms.Results indicate that the venture capital industry is overwhelmingly male; that pre-existing relationships provide an important link between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists; and that women venture capitalists do not give preferential treatment to women, although 70 percent are in partnerships that have closed deals with women-led companies. It appears that the presence of more women venture capitalists would lead to the following: increased network connections between venture capitalists and women entrepreneurs; increased numbers of proposals to women venture capitalists; a greater likelihood that firms will invest in women-owned firms; an increase in women's access to capital; and a more powerful voice for women in the country's entrepreneurial progress.},
language = {en},
number = {ID 1260385},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra},
year = {2004},
keywords = {Venture capital, Venture Capitalists, Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers}
}
Hart, David M. 2003. The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge University Press.
@book{hart_emergence_2003,
title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}},
isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3},
shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}},
abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Hart, David M.},
month = oct,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / General, Social Science / Sociology / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Political Science / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy},
annote = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}
}
Amatucci, Frances M., and Jeffrey E. Sohl. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs Securing Business Angel Financing: Tales from the Field.” Venture Capital 6 (2–3):181–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579.
@article{amatucci_women_2004,
title = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing: tales from the field},
volume = {6},
issn = {1369-1066},
shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579},
doi = {10.1080/1369106042000223579},
abstract = {While women-led businesses are the fastest growing segment of venture creation in the US economy, the amount of private equity capital investment they receive is disproportionately small. Informal venture capital, or business angel, investment is as large as venture capital activity, and business angels provide the majority of the critical seed and start-up stage capital. This research explores the investment decision process involving women entrepreneurs and business angels from the perspective of demand. Successful strategies of women entrepreneurs are investigated using in-depth interviews. In particular, pre-investment processes, trust, comprehensiveness, the post-investment relationship and gender are examined.},
number = {2-3},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Venture Capital},
author = {Amatucci, Frances M. and Sohl, Jeffrey E.},
month = apr,
year = {2004},
keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Business Angels, Women Entrepreneurs},
pages = {181--196}
}
Carter, Nancy, Candida Brush, Patricia Greene, Elizabeth Gatewood, and Myra Hart. 2003. “Women Entrepreneurs Who Break through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, Social and Financial Capital.” Venture Capital 5 (1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106032000082586.
@article{carter_women_2003,
title = {Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: {The} influence of human, social and financial capital},
volume = {5},
issn = {1369-1066},
shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106032000082586},
doi = {10.1080/1369106032000082586},
abstract = {This is one of the first efforts to systematically study attributes of women business owners and their equity financing strategies. The study explored the factors associated with the use of equity capital in women led firms. Hypotheses examined the influence of human and social capital on the likelihood of seeking equity funding, access to funding sources, bootstrapping techniques and development of financial strategies. Data for this study came from a survey of 235 US women business owners conducted by the National Foundation for Women Business Owners from a sample identified by Dun and Bradstreet. Results showed only graduate education significantly influenced the odds of using outside equity financing. Social capital had no direct effect on increasing likelihood of using equity but influenced the use of bootstrapping techniques. Network diversity was positively related to the use of personal sources of funding, while professional advisor relationships were negatively related to personal sources of financing. Our research suggests women obtaining higher levels of education may increase their likelihood of obtaining funding. Further, during the bootstrap phase, utilizing social capital is an asset.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Venture Capital},
author = {Carter, Nancy and Brush, Candida and Greene, Patricia and Gatewood, Elizabeth and Hart, Myra},
month = jan,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Equity Capital, Financing Strategy, Woman Entrepreneur},
pages = {1--28}
}
Brooks, Alison Wood, Laura Huang, Sarah Wood Kearney, and Fiona E. Murray. 2014. “Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (12):4427–31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111.
@article{brooks_investors_2014,
title = {Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men},
volume = {111},
issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4427},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1321202111},
abstract = {Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur’s business proposition and previous experience are regarded as the main criteria for investment decisions. Our research, however, documents other critical criteria that investors use to make these decisions: the gender and physical attractiveness of the entrepreneurs themselves. Across a field setting (three entrepreneurial pitch competitions in the United States) and two experiments, we identify a profound and consistent gender gap in entrepreneur persuasiveness. Investors prefer pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared with pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. This effect is moderated by male physical attractiveness: attractive males were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter among female entrepreneurs.},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
author = {Brooks, Alison Wood and Huang, Laura and Kearney, Sarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E.},
month = mar,
year = {2014},
pmid = {24616491},
keywords = {persuasion, physical appearance},
pages = {4427--4431}
}
Robb, Alicia M., and John Watson. 2012. “Gender Differences in Firm Performance: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (5):544–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002.
@article{robb_gender_2012,
title = {Gender differences in firm performance: {Evidence} from new ventures in the {United} {States}},
volume = {27},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Gender differences in firm performance},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902611000875},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002},
abstract = {Prior studies examining the performance of female- and male-owned firms have generally reported that female-owned firms underperform male-owned firms. However, it is conceivable that the performance measures used by previous studies and/or their inability to control for key demographic differences may have contributed to this finding. For example, few studies use size adjusted performance measures and yet we know that female-owned firms tend to be smaller than their male counterparts. Similarly, risk is typically not considered even though evidence suggests that women tend to be more risk averse than men. We use a longitudinal (five-year) database of more than 4000 new ventures that began operations in the U.S. in 2004 to determine whether potential differences in the performances of female- and male-owned firms disappear when appropriate performance measures are used and important demographic differences are controlled for in the models. The performance measures we examine include: 4-year closure rates; return on assets (ROA); and a risk-adjusted measure (Sharpe ratio). Univariate test results confirm our expectation (based on both liberal and social feminist theory) that there is no difference in the performance of female- and male-owned new ventures provided performance is appropriately measured. Further, these results are supported by our multivariate analyses, which control for demographic differences such as industry, experience and hours worked. Our findings should be of interest to researchers, financiers, advisors and policy makers. Perhaps more importantly, our findings should also ensure that women who are contemplating starting a new venture are not discouraged from doing so by a false belief that new ventures initiated by women are less likely to succeed than those initiated by men.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Robb, Alicia M. and Watson, John},
month = sep,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Gender, Firm performance, New ventures},
pages = {544--558}
}
Lins, Elmar, and Eva Lutz. 2016. “Bridging the Gender Funding Gap: Do Female Entrepreneurs Have Equal Access to Venture Capital?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27 (2–3):347–65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993.
@article{lins_bridging_2016,
title = {Bridging the gender funding gap: do female entrepreneurs have equal access to venture capital?},
volume = {27},
issn = {1476-1297},
shorttitle = {Bridging the gender funding gap},
url = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993},
doi = {10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993},
abstract = {In this study, we examine whether access to venture capital for female entrepreneurs is more constrained than for their male counterparts, taking into account their educational background and innovativeness. We use an econometric approach to analyse gender differences in gaining access to external equity capital, based on data of 3,137 German new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009. Our results emphasise a gender gap with respect to external equity funding. We find that female entrepreneurs receive less venture capital than male entrepreneurs do. This effect is particularly strong in the case of entrepreneurs with university degrees and entrepreneurial projects with high research and development activity.},
number = {2-3},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business},
author = {Lins, Elmar and Lutz, Eva},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {347--365}
}
Godwin, Lindsey N., Christopher E. Stevens, and Nurete L. Brenner. 2006. “Forced to Play by the Rules? Theorizing How Mixed-Sex Founding Teams Benefit Women Entrepreneurs in Male-Dominated Contexts.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (5):623–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.x.
@article{godwin_forced_2006,
title = {Forced to {Play} by the {Rules}? {Theorizing} {How} {Mixed}-{Sex} {Founding} {Teams} {Benefit} {Women} {Entrepreneurs} in {Male}-{Dominated} {Contexts}},
volume = {30},
issn = {1540-6520},
shorttitle = {Forced to {Play} by the {Rules}?},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.x},
abstract = {We examine how establishing a mixed-sex entrepreneurial founding team may benefit women entrepreneurs in male-dominated cultures and industries. We contend that as a result of sex-based stereotypes, women entrepreneurs face unique obstacles in securing access to resources for their ventures. We argue that one way for women entrepreneurs to overcome these obstacles is to partner with a man. Drawing upon institutional, resource-based, and network theories, we theorize how partnering with a man may help provide women entrepreneurs in male-dominated contexts with enhanced legitimacy, access to a larger number of resources, and a stronger, more diverse social network.},
language = {en},
number = {5},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice},
author = {Godwin, Lindsey N. and Stevens, Christopher E. and Brenner, Nurete L.},
month = sep,
year = {2006},
pages = {623--642}
}
Huang, Jiekun, and Darren J. Kisgen. 2013. “Gender and Corporate Finance: Are Male Executives Overconfident Relative to Female Executives?” Journal of Financial Economics 108 (3):822–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005.
@article{huang_gender_2013,
title = {Gender and corporate finance: {Are} male executives overconfident relative to female executives?},
volume = {108},
issn = {0304-405X},
shorttitle = {Gender and corporate finance},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X12002516},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005},
abstract = {We examine corporate financial and investment decisions made by female executives compared with male executives. Male executives undertake more acquisitions and issue debt more often than female executives. Further, acquisitions made by firms with male executives have announcement returns approximately 2\% lower than those made by female executive firms, and debt issues also have lower announcement returns for firms with male executives. Female executives place wider bounds on earnings estimates and are more likely to exercise stock options early. This evidence suggests men exhibit relative overconfidence in significant corporate decision making compared with women.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Financial Economics},
author = {Huang, Jiekun and Kisgen, Darren J.},
month = jun,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Gender, Corporate policies, Mergers and acquisitions, Overconfidence},
pages = {822--839}
}
Gompers, Paul A., Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily Weisburst, and Yuhai Xuan. 2014. “Gender Effects in Venture Capital.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2445497. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2445497.
@techreport{gompers_gender_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Gender {Effects} in {Venture} {Capital}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2445497},
abstract = {We explore gender differences in performance in a comprehensive sample of venture capital investments in the United States. We find that female venture capitalists significantly underperform their male colleagues controlling for personal characteristics including employment and educational history as well as the characteristics of the portfolio companies in which they invest. When we examine their performance differences, we find that the difference results from a lack of contribution by the male colleagues within their firms. We explore the mechanism for this lack of contribution from male colleagues in a large sample survey of female venture capitalists and in detailed one-on-one interviews. We find support for the notion that formal feedback mechanisms and hierarchies are useful in ameliorating the female performance gap. Female venture capitalists find gender bias in informal mentoring systems as well as in the attitude of entrepreneurs.},
language = {en},
number = {ID 2445497},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Mukharlyamov, Vladimir and Weisburst, Emily and Xuan, Yuhai},
month = may,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Emily Weisburst, Gender Effects in Venture Capital, Paul A. Gompers, SSRN, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Yuhai Xuan}
}
Gompers, Paul A., and Sophie Q. Wang. 2017. “And the Children Shall Lead: Gender Diversity and Performance in Venture Capital.” National Bureau of Economic Research.
@techreport{gompers_and_2017,
title = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}: {Gender} {Diversity} and {Performance} in {Venture} {Capital}},
shorttitle = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Wang, Sophie Q.},
year = {2017}
}
Luo, Xiaowei, and Lina Deng. 2009. “Do Birds of a Feather Flock Higher? The Effects of Partner Similarity on Innovation in Strategic Alliances in Knowledge-Intensive Industries.” Journal of Management Studies 46 (6):1005–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00842.x.
@article{luo_birds_2009,
title = {Do {Birds} of a {Feather} {Flock} {Higher}? {The} {Effects} of {Partner} {Similarity} on {Innovation} in {Strategic} {Alliances} in {Knowledge}-{Intensive} {Industries}},
volume = {46},
issn = {1467-6486},
shorttitle = {Do {Birds} of a {Feather} {Flock} {Higher}?},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00842.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00842.x},
abstract = {In spite of the consensus on the benefits of strategic alliances for learning and innovation, our understanding of the effects of partner similarity remains conflicted. This paper develops an integrative theoretical framework in which we propose that similar partners in a focal firm's alliance portfolio contribute to the firm's innovation up to a threshold, beyond which additional similar partners can lead to a decrease in innovation because of the trade-offs embedded in collaboration between similar partners. In this integrative framework, we also draw on organizational ecology and institutional perspectives to propose that the effect of partner similarity on innovation is positively moderated by organizational aging and the industry norm of collaboration at the firm's founding. Results from an analysis of 176 biotechnology firms between 1988 and 1999 support our arguments. This study contributes to research on strategic alliance and innovation by considering both the benefits and costs of partner similarity in the context of alliance portfolios and by exploring the multilevel contingencies for the effects of partner similarity.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Management Studies},
author = {Luo, Xiaowei and Deng, Lina},
month = sep,
year = {2009},
pages = {1005--1030}
}
