Changes

@article{menzies_examining_2004ahern_changing_2012, title = {Examining The {VentureChanging}-related of the {Boards}: {The} {Impact} on {Firm} {Valuation} of {MythsMandated} {ConcerningFemale} {WomenBoard} {EntrepreneursRepresentation}}, volume = {9127}, copyright issn = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 20040033-5533}, issn shorttitle = {10849467The {Changing} of the {Boards}}, url = {httphttps://searchacademic.proquestoup.com/docviewqje/article/127/2084283101/abstract137/E7779CA6B1314111PQ1832366/1}, abstract = {Despite The-Changing-of-the increasing number of women who are starting businesses, distinct hurdles exist for them. For instance, there is a lower occurrence of females as business owners and a paucity of academic research -Boards-The-Impact-on the topic of female entrepreneurs. Another major hurdle is the presence of "derogatory myths" like those specified in the U.S. Diana Project. A random sample of nascent entrepreneurs in Canada is utilized to examine these myths about women entrepreneurs. Although many of the myths were unsubstantiated, the findings show that perhaps women do not have the right educational background to start large businesses and they may be starting businesses unattractive to venture capitalists. These findings are a clear wake-up call for the implementation of new programs and policies to increase the number of females studying computer and engineering sciences and to encourage and nurture a higher incidence of females as lead entrepreneurs. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]Firm}, language doi = {English10.1093/qje/qjr049}, number = {21}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; NorfolkEconomics}, author = {MenziesAhern, Teresa VKenneth R. and DiochonDittmar, Monica and Gasse, YvonAmy K.}, month = augfeb, year = {20042012}, keywords = {Business And Economics, Education, Entrepreneurs, Gender equity, Studies, Women owned businesses}, pages = {89137--107}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/F7FGQ8IA/Menzies et al. - 2004 - Examining Venture-related Myths Concerning Women E.pdf:application/pdf197} }

@article{brush_role_2002brush_exploration_2001, title = {The role Exploration of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firmsthe {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}: {AIs} framework for future research{Gender}, volume = an {4Issue}, issn = {1369-1066?}, shorttitle = {The role Exploration of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firmsthe {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, url = {http://dx.doidigitalknowledge.org/10babson.1080edu/1369106022000024897}, doi = {10.1080eshppw/136910602200002489717}, abstract = {Equity capital fuels growth companies and yields high returns for investors. The process of equity investment and ultimate harvesting of innovative companies has created significant wealth among fund investors, venture capitalists, angels and new entrepreneurs. Extensive research investigates all phases of the venture capital investment process, industry characteristics and returns to investors. Surprisingly absent from current research are studies including women, on both the supply (equity provider) and demand (equity seeker) sides. Women make significant contributions to the US economy in the workforce and as business owners, yet research about women as recipients of equity capital and providers of equity is extremely scarce. This raises a question–are women being left out of the wealth creation process? Our paper addresses this question by exploring women's role in supply and demand of equity capital. We utilize a social capital perspective to develop a conceptual framework and focus our analysis on early stage and angel investment. The paper concludes with directions for future research.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Venture Capital}, author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth}, month = octjan, year = {20022001}, keywords = {Business Angels, Social Capital, Venture Capital, Venture Capitalists, Women Entrepreneurs}, pages = {305--323}, file = {SnapshotUntitled Attachment:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/SIT8QJDSFBFSEK3R/Brush et al. - 2002 2001 - The role Exploration of social capital and gender in linking fthe Venture Capital Industry Is Ge.html:text/html} }

@articletechreport{chaganti_management_1986brush_gatekeepers_2004, title address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {Management in {WomenSSRN}-{OwnedScholarly} {EnterprisesPaper}}, volume title = {24Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, issn shorttitle = {0047-2778Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}}, url = {https://wwwpapers.questiassrn.com/library/journal/1G1-4587541/management-in-women-owned-enterprisesabstract=1260385}, abstract = {MANAGEMENT IN WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISES According to recent statistics, Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women are starting small...decision}, language number = {engID 1260385}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal institution = {Journal of Small Business ManagementSocial Science Research Network}, author = {ChagantiBrush, RadhaCandida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra}, month = oct, year = {19862004}, pages keywords = {18Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers, Venture capital, Venture capitalists}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UKSZF5DFXD84WIHI/Chaganti Brush et al. - 1986 2004 - Management in Women-Owned EnterprisesGatekeepers of Venture Growth A Diana Project Rep.html:text/html} }

"entrepreneurial mode" vs "feminine mode" @techreport{brush_diana_2008, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {The {Diana} {Project}: {Women} {Business} {Owners} and {Equity} {Capital}: {The} {Myths} {Dispelled}}, shorttitle = {The {Diana} {Project}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1262312}, abstract = {This report from the Diana Project explores the extent of leadership for equity investments in women-owned enterprises (WOEs)businesses. Surveyed were 1, in700 applicants to the 2000 Springboard f}, number = {ID 1262312}, urldate = {2017-03-depth analysis of 8 WOEs28}, institution = {Social Science Research Network}, author = {Brush, Candy and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra}, month = sep, year = {2008}, keywords = {Equity capital, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Firm growth, Gender, Venture capital} }

@article{brush_use_2006, title = {The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in positioning for growth}, volume = {8}, issn = {1369-1066}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691060500433975}, doi = {10.1080/13691060500433975}, abstract = {The number of women entrepreneurs is rising rapidly and many are creating substantial businesses. For most women-led ventures, growth is funded by personal investment and debt, although a small percentage draw on private equity investment to fuel high growth. Of those that seek growth, not only do they face higher obstacles in obtaining capital, but little is known about ways they position ventures for growth. This paper addresses the question: ‘How do women develop financing strategies to prove the business concept, meet early stage milestones, and demonstrate to external investors the value and potential of their businesses?’ Data are drawn from phone interviews with 88 US female entrepreneurs seeking an equity investment to grow their businesses. The analysis examines the correspondence between bootstrapping and stage of business development. Results show significant differences in the use of bootstrap options utilized by women-led ventures depending on stage of business development. Companies that have not achieved sales were more likely to emphasize bootstrapping to reduce labour, while those companies with greater sales were more likely to minimize cost of operations. Implications for future research and education are suggested.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Venture Capital}, author = {Brush, Professor Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M.}, month = jan, year = {2006}, keywords = {bootsrapping, growth, private equity, Women entrepreneurs}, pages = {15--31}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/7EFAH2QI/Brush et al. - 2006 - The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in.html:text/html} }

@article{gundry_ambitious_2001chaganti_management_1986, title = {The ambitious entrepreneur: Management in {HighWomen} growth strategies of women-owned enterprises{Owned} {Enterprises}}, volume = {1624}, issn = {08830047-90262778}, shorttitle = {The ambitious entrepreneur}, url = {httphttps://www.sciencedirectquestia.com/sciencelibrary/articlejournal/pii1G1-4587541/S0883902699000592}, doi = {10.1016/S0883management-in-women-9026(99)00059owned-2enterprises}, abstract = {During the last two decades, researchers have sought to develop categories of entrepreneurs and their businesses along a variety of dimensions to better comprehend and analyze the entrepreneurial growth process. Some of this research has focused on differences related to industrial sectors, firm size, the geographical region in which a business is located, the use of high-technology or low-technology, and the life-cycle stage of the firm (i.e., start-up vs. more mature, formalized companies). Researchers have also considered ways in which entrepreneurs can be differentiated from small business managers. One of these classifications is based on the entrepreneur's desire to grow the business rapidly. This is the focus of our study. To date, the media have paid considerable attention to rapidly growing new ventures. However, still lacking are largeMANAGEMENT IN WOMEN-scale research studies guided by theory through which we can expand our knowledge of the underlying factors supporting ambitious expansion plans. Some research has identified factors that enhance or reduce the willingness of the entrepreneur OWNED ENTERPRISES According to grow the business. Factors include the strategic origin of the business (i.e., the methods and paths through which the firm was founded); previous experience of the founder/owner; and the ability of the entrepreneur to set realisticrecent statistics, measurable goals and to manage conflict effectively. Our study attempted to identify the strategic paths chosen by entrepreneurs and the relation of those paths to the growth orientation of the firm. The entrepreneurs sampled in this study are women entrepreneurs across a wide range of industrial sectors. Recent reviews of entrepreneurship research have suggested the need for more studies comparing high-growth firms with slower-growth firms to better delineate their differences in strategic choices and behaviors. Our study sought to answer the following questions: What characterizes a “high growth-oriented entrepreneur?” Is this distinction associated with specific strategic intentions, prior experience, equity held in previous firms, the type of company structure in place, or success factors the entrepreneur perceives are important to the business? Do “high growth” entrepreneurs show greater entrepreneurial “intensity” (istarting small.e., commitment to the firm's success)? Are they willing to “pay the price” for their own and their firm's success? (i.e., the “opportunity costs” associated with business success and growth). Other relationships under investigation included different patterns of financing the business' start-up and early growth. Do “high-growth” entrepreneurs use unique sources of funding compared with “lower-growth” entrepreneurs? Eight hundred thirty-two entrepreneurs responded to a survey in which they were asked to describe their growth intentions along nineteen strategic dimensions, as well as respond to the foregoing questions. Some of the strategic activity measures included adding a new product or service, expanding operations, selling to a new market, and applying for a loan to expand operations. Actual growth rates based on sales revenues were calculated, and average annualized growth rates of the industrial sectors represented in the sample were obtained. This study showed that high-growth-oriented entrepreneurs were clearly different from low-growth-oriented entrepreneurs along several dimensions. The former were much more likely to select strategies for their firms that permitted greater focus on market expansion and new technologies, to exhibit greater intensity towards business ownership (“my business is the most important activity in my life”), and to be willing to incur greater opportunity costs for the success of their firms (“I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salary while employed by someone else”). The high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs tended to have a more structured approach to organizing their businesses, which suggests a more disciplined perception of managing the firm. In summary, results showed the group of high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs, labeled “ambitious,” as having the following distinctions: strategic intentions that emphasize market growth and technological change, stronger commitment to the success of the business, greater willingness to sacrifice on behalf of the business, earlier planning for the growth of the business, utilization of a team-based form of organization design, concern for reputation and quality, adequate capitalization, strong leadership, and utilization of a wider range of financing sources for the expansion of the venture. The purpose in uncovering these differences is to enable entrepreneurs and researchers to identify more clearly the attributes of rapid-growth ventures and their founders and to move closer to a field-based model of the entrepreneurial growth process which will help delineate the alternative paths to venture growth and organizational change.}, number language = {5eng}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Small Business VenturingManagement}, author = {Gundry, Lisa K and WelschChaganti, Harold PRadha}, month = sepoct, year = {20011986}, pages = {453--47018}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDFSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/98R9EGFMUKSZF5DF/Gundry and Welsch Chaganti - 2001 1986 - The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/5VID9HCF/Gundry and Welsch - 2001 Management in Women- The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategiesOwned Enterprises.html:text/html} }

survey "entrepreneurial mode" vs "feminine mode" of leadership for women entreps-owned enterprises (WOEs), are they interested in HTHG?-depth analysis of 8 WOEs

@article{de_bruin_advancing_2007chrisman_comparison_1990, title = {Advancing a {Framework} for {Coherent} {Research} on {Women}'s {Entrepreneurship}A comparison of assistance needs of male and female pre-venture entrepreneurs}, volume = {315}, issn = {15400883-65209026}, url = {http://onlinelibrarywww.wileysciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269090019P}, doi/= {10.11111016/j.15400883-9026(90)90019-6520.2007.00176.x/abstractP}, doi abstract = {In spite of the proliferation of studies of female entrepreneurs, few researchers have attempted to directly compare female and male entrepreneurs in terms of their problems, the assistance received in addressing these problems, the value of outside consulting services, and the number of startups subsequent to counseling. Such studies are needed, not only to determine if there are differences in the problems male and female entrepreneurs face, but more importantly, to determine if any of these differences affect the successful development of new ventures. The fact that the SBA recently established a special training program for women entrepreneurs funded by a new \$10million grant, approved by Congress in 1988 (H.R. 5050), makes the issue even more timely and pertinent.1111/jTo address this issue, this article compares samples of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs who received consulting assistance from a state-level Small Business Development Center (SBDC). The two groups were compared in terms of: (1) the strategic, administrative, and operating assistance received; (2) their evaluation of the value of the consulting services; and (3) their propensity to initiate ventures after receiving SBDC assistance. The study was based on the results of two surveys of the entire population of 457 long-term pre-venture clients that received counseling from one SBDC state system between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 1987. All clients were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning the kinds of assistance sought, the quality of the service received, and whether or not they subsequently went into business. We received 162 (35.4\%) usable responses, of which 94 were from males (58.0\%) and 68 were from females (42.0\%). T-tests and chi-square tests of independence and goodness-of-fit were used to test hypotheses pertaining to the assistance needs of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Results indicated that male and female clients of the SBDC are virtually identical in terms of their assistance needs. Females do not appear to need more assistance than males, nor do they appear to require different types of assistance. The virtually identical ratings of service value among males and females also indicates that both genders are equally satisfied with the assistance received. Taken together, these findings suggest that females suffer no significant entrepreneurial disadvantages compared to males. If they had, it would be logical to assume that females, who received the same types and amounts of assistance as males, would find such levels of service inadequate, and consequently, rate it less favorably.1540Furthermore, the fact that the proportion of female clients was statistically equal to the proportion of net new businesses operated by women refutes the notion that general-6520assistance programs such as the SBDC are not equally accessible to both genders.2007The fact that female client start-ups were significantly higher than their proportional representation in the region further supports this conclusion.00176The primary implication for public policy makers and outside consultants is that little evidence exists to warrant special treatment or special programs for females, especially at a cost of \$10 million.x}In terms of research implications, our results suggest that it would be better if future studies concentrated on behaviors and strategic factors affecting the performance of new ventures (whether male-or female-owned), language = {enrather than merely comparing the characteristics of the entrepreneurs who start them.}, number = {34}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and PracticeJournal of Business Venturing}, author = {De BruinChrisman, Anne James J. and BrushCarsrud, Candida GAlan L. and WelterDeCastro, Julio and Herron, FriederikeLanny}, month = mayjul, year = {20071990}, pages = {323235--339248}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/2KEMBAB6/Chrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/HARBD3QD9BBM2EQV/De Bruin Chrisman et al. - 2007 1990 - Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on WomA comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.html:text/html} }

@article{brush_exploration_2001, title = {Exploration Survey of the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}: {Is} {Gender} an {Issue}?}, shorttitle = {Exploration of the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, url = {http://digitalknowledgeparticipants in state-level Small Business Development Center programs (U.babsonS.edu/eshppw/17},) journal = {Venture Capital}, author = {Brush, Candida}, month = jan, year = {2001}, file = {Untitled Attachment:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/FBFSEK3R/Brush - 2001 Pre- Exploration of the Venture Capital Industry Is Ge.html:text/html}venture}Men & women entreps have same needs

Interview women who have received or are in process of negotiating VC @article{de_bruin_advancing_2007,Process appears gender neutral but title = {Advancing a {Framework} for {Coherent} {Research} on {Women}'s {Entrepreneurship}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1540-6520}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, author = {De Bruin, Anne and Brush, Candida G. and Welter, Friederike}, month = may not be; "shadow negotiating" , year = {2007}, pages = {323--339}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/HARBD3QD/De Bruin et al. - 2007 - Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Wom.html:text/html} }

@article{sass_rubin_venture_2010greene_patterns_2001, title = {Venture Patterns of venture capital funding: {Capital} and {Underserved} {CommunitiesIs}gender a factor?}, volume = {453}, issn = {10781369-08741066}, shorttitle = {Patterns of venture capital funding}, url = {http://journalsdx.sagepubdoi.com/doi/absorg/10.11771080/107808741036157413691060118175}, doi = {10.11771080/107808741036157413691060118175}, abstract = {Access to equity capital is critical for Since the early 1980s, new ventures with high growth potential and large capital needs have found an ever-increasing pool of businesses, especially for young companies, which lack the cash flows necessary venture capital available to repay loanssupport their growth. To meet this needHowever, a thriving the flow of venture capital industry has evolved, fostering job creation, economic growth, and innovation investment to women-led businesses remains meager in spite of the fact that in the United States. Not all companies, however, have been equally able to access such investments. Firms US and Europe an increasing number of businesses are owned by women . The apparent disparity between potential investment opportunity and people actual deals made between venture capital firms and women-led businesses raises the question of whether gender is an issue. The majority of color venture capital studies investigate equity funds flows, investor criteria and those located in rural and distressed urban regions the nature of the country have been underserved by investor-investee relationship. Research on women entrepreneurs focuses on psychological dimensions, business characteristics and performance. Questions about the intersection of gender and venture capital financing are largely unexamined. This exploratory study utilizes longitudinal data to track US venture capital investments by proportion, stage, industryand gender. This note analyzes The descriptive statistics and our analysis of the factors responsible for this and proposes policies designed findings suggest several hypotheses to ensure a more equitable economic landscapeexplain the apparent gender gap.}, language = {en}, number = {61}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Urban Affairs ReviewVenture Capital}, author = {Sass RubinGreene, Patricia G. and Brush, Candida G. and Hart, Myra M. and Saparito, JuliaPatrick}, month = juljan, year = {20102001}, keywords = {Gender, Human Capital, Strategic Choice, Structural Barriers}, pages = {82163--83583}, file = {SAGE PDF Full TextSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/GQM5CSIWDPQSX9X2/Sass Rubin Greene et al. - 2010 2001 - Venture Capital and Underserved CommunitiesPatterns of venture capital funding Is gender a f.pdfhtml:applicationtext/pdfhtml} }

@article{kim_klyver_entrepreneurial_2007gundry_ambitious_2001, title = {Entrepreneurial network compositionThe ambitious entrepreneur: {AnHigh} analysis across venture development stage and gendergrowth strategies of women-owned enterprises}, volume = {2216}, issn = {09640883-94259026}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurial network compositionThe ambitious entrepreneur}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsightsciencedirect.com/doiscience/article/fullpii/S0883902699000592}, doi = {10.11081016/09649420710836344S0883-9026(99)00059-2}, doi abstract = {10During the last two decades, researchers have sought to develop categories of entrepreneurs and their businesses along a variety of dimensions to better comprehend and analyze the entrepreneurial growth process. Some of this research has focused on differences related to industrial sectors, firm size, the geographical region in which a business is located, the use of high-technology or low-technology, and the life-cycle stage of the firm (i.e., start-up vs. more mature, formalized companies). Researchers have also considered ways in which entrepreneurs can be differentiated from small business managers. One of these classifications is based on the entrepreneur's desire to grow the business rapidly. This is the focus of our study. To date, the media have paid considerable attention to rapidly growing new ventures. However, still lacking are large-scale research studies guided by theory through which we can expand our knowledge of the underlying factors supporting ambitious expansion plans. Some research has identified factors that enhance or reduce the willingness of the entrepreneur to grow the business. Factors include the strategic origin of the business (i.e.1108, the methods and paths through which the firm was founded); previous experience of the founder/09649420710836344owner; and the ability of the entrepreneur to set realistic, measurable goals and to manage conflict effectively. Our study attempted to identify the strategic paths chosen by entrepreneurs and the relation of those paths to the growth orientation of the firm. The entrepreneurs sampled in this study are women entrepreneurs across a wide range of industrial sectors. Recent reviews of entrepreneurship research have suggested the need for more studies comparing high-growth firms with slower-growth firms to better delineate their differences in strategic choices and behaviors. Our study sought to answer the following questions: What characterizes a “high growth-oriented entrepreneur?” Is this distinction associated with specific strategic intentions, prior experience, equity held in previous firms, the type of company structure in place, or success factors the entrepreneur perceives are important to the business? Do “high growth” entrepreneurs show greater entrepreneurial “intensity” (i.e., commitment to the firm's success)? Are they willing to “pay the price” for their own and their firm's success? (i.e., the “opportunity costs” associated with business success and growth). Other relationships under investigation included different patterns of financing the business' start-up and early growth. Do “high-growth” entrepreneurs use unique sources of funding compared with “lower-growth” entrepreneurs? Eight hundred thirty-two entrepreneurs responded to a survey in which they were asked to describe their growth intentions along nineteen strategic dimensions, as well as respond to the foregoing questions. Some of the strategic activity measures included adding a new product or service, expanding operations, selling to a new market, and applying for a loan to expand operations. Actual growth rates based on sales revenues were calculated, and average annualized growth rates of the industrial sectors represented in the sample were obtained. This study showed that high-growth-oriented entrepreneurs were clearly different from low-growth-oriented entrepreneurs along several dimensions. The former were much more likely to select strategies for their firms that permitted greater focus on market expansion and new technologies, to exhibit greater intensity towards business ownership (“my business is the most important activity in my life”), and to be willing to incur greater opportunity costs for the success of their firms (“I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salary while employed by someone else”). The high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs tended to have a more structured approach to organizing their businesses, which suggests a more disciplined perception of managing the firm. In summary, results showed the group of high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs, labeled “ambitious,” as having the following distinctions: strategic intentions that emphasize market growth and technological change, stronger commitment to the success of the business, greater willingness to sacrifice on behalf of the business, earlier planning for the growth of the business, utilization of a team-based form of organization design, concern for reputation and quality, adequate capitalization, strong leadership, and utilization of a wider range of financing sources for the expansion of the venture. The purpose in uncovering these differences is to enable entrepreneurs and researchers to identify more clearly the attributes of rapid-growth ventures and their founders and to move closer to a field-based model of the entrepreneurial growth process which will help delineate the alternative paths to venture growth and organizational change.}, number = {85}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Women in Management ReviewJournal of Business Venturing}, author = {{Kim Klyver} Gundry, Lisa K and {Siri Terjesen}Welsch, Harold P}, month = novsep, year = {20072001}, pages = {682453--688470}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/KUW4S3SB98R9EGFM/Kim Klyver Gundry and Siri Terjesen Welsch - 2007 2001 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis aThe ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UIR9JTUZ5VID9HCF/Kim Klyver Gundry and Siri Terjesen Welsch - 2007 2001 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis aThe ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.html:text/html} }

@article{sila_women_2016, title = {Women on board: {Does} boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?}, volume = {36}, issn = {0929-1199}, shorttitle = {Women on board}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119915001248}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.10.003}, abstract = {We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect survey of gender on riskwomen entreps, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Corporate Finance}, author = {Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica and Hagendorff, Jens}, month = feb, year = {2016}, keywords = {Board of directors, Endogeneity, Equity risk, Gender diversity}, pages = {26--53}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/TVIJSMZQ/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/463QZXFT/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.html:text/html}}they interested in HTHG?

@article{greene_patterns_2001harrison_does_2007, title = {Patterns Does {Gender} {Matter}? {Women} {Business} {Angels} and the {Supply} of venture capital funding: {IsEntrepreneurial} {Finance} gender a factor?}, volume = {331}, issn = {13691540-10666520}, shorttitle = {Patterns of venture capital fundingDoes {Gender} {Matter}?}, url = {http://dxonlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.org1111/10j.1540-6520.2007.00182.1080x/13691060118175abstract}, doi = {10.10801111/13691060118175j.1540-6520.2007.00182.x}, abstract = {Since There is a substantial literature on the early 1980srelationship between gender and access to finance. However, new ventures most studies have been concerned with high growth potential and large capital needs have found an ever-increasing pool of venture capital available access to support their growthdebt finance. HoweverMore recently, the flow focus of this research has broadened to examine women and venture capital investment to . This article extends the focus further by examining the role of women-led businesses remains meager in spite of the fact that business angel market, which is more important than the formal venture capital market in terms of both the US number of ventures supported and Europe an increasing number total capital flows. Based on a detailed analysis of businesses business angels in the U.K., the study concludes that women investors who are owned by active in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respects. Future research into women. The apparent disparity between potential investment opportunity business angels, and actual deals made between venture capital firms and women-led businesses raises the question possible existence of whether gender is an issue. The majority of venture capital studies investigate equity funds flowsdifferences, investor criteria and needs to be based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies that focus on the nature experience of the woman angel investor-investee relationship. Research on women entrepreneurs focuses on psychological dimensionsper se, business characteristics and performance. Questions about center on the examination of the intersection role of gender and venture homophily, social capital financing are largely unexamined. This exploratory study utilizes longitudinal data to track US venture capital investments by proportion, stagenetworking, industry and gender. The descriptive statistics and our analysis of the findings suggest several hypotheses to explain the apparent gender gapcompetition in investment behavior.}, language = {en}, number = {13}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Venture CapitalEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, author = {GreeneHarrison, Patricia GRichard T. and BrushMason, Candida G. and Hart, Myra Colin M. and Saparito, Patrick}, month = janmay, year = {2001}, keywords = {Gender, Human Capital, Strategic Choice, Structural Barriers2007}, pages = {63445--83472}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DPQSX9X2QUVINADF/Greene et al. Harrison and Mason - 2001 2007 - Patterns of venture capital funding Is gender a fDoes Gender Matter Women Business Angels and the .html:text/html} }

@miscbook{teare_first_nodatehart_emergence_2003, title = {The first comprehensive study on women {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in venture capital and their impact on female foundersthe {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}}, url isbn = {http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/04/19/the978-first1-comprehensive139-study44078-on-women-in-venture-capital/3}, shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}}, abstract = {The CrunchBase Women This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in Venture report is the third study in our ongoing analysis process of women economic growth and their participation to the importance of public policy in creating the startup ecosystemconditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. This reportThe contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area.The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.}, urldate language = {2017-03-28en}, journal publisher = {TechCrunchCambridge University Press}, author = {TeareHart, Gené and DesmondDavid M.}, month = oct, Ned year = {2003}, file note = {SnapshotGoogle-Books-ID:2fo6eEp42J4C}, keywords = {Business \& Economics /UsersEconomics /carlinGeneral, Business \& Economics /LibraryGeneral, Business \& Economics /Application SupportIndustrial Management, Political Science /ZoteroGeneral, Political Science /ProfilesPublic Policy /c5jhnzb8.defaultEconomic Policy, Social Science /zotero/storage/DN65KRJK/Teare and Desmond - The first comprehensive study on women in venture .html:textSociology /htmlGeneral} }

@bookarticle{hart_emergence_2003kim_klyver_entrepreneurial_2007, title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}Entrepreneurial network composition: {GovernanceAn}, {Start}-{Upsanalysis across venture development stage and gender}, and {Growth} in the volume = {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}22}, isbn issn = {978-1-139-440780964-39425}, shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}Entrepreneurial network composition}, abstract url = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studieshttp: entrepreneurship policy//www.emeraldinsight. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourishcom/doi/full/10. The contributors1108/09649420710836344}, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area doi = {10. The chapters include surveys of the economic1108/09649420710836344}, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation. number = {8}, language urldate = {en2017-03-28}, publisher journal = {Cambridge University PressWomen in Management Review}, author = {Hart, David M.{Kim Klyver} and {Siri Terjesen}}, month = octnov, year = {20032007}, note pages = {Google682-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C688}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/ Economics Application Support/ General, Business \& Economics Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/KUW4S3SB/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/ General, Business \& Economics Profiles/ Industrial Management, Political Science c5jhnzb8.default/ General, Political Science zotero/ Public Policy storage/ Economic Policy, Social Science UIR9JTUZ/ Sociology Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.html:text/ Generalhtml} }

@article{shrader_women_1997, title = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}: {An} {Exploratory} {Study}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1045-3695}, shorttitle = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604152}, abstract = {This study explores relationships of women in management positions with firm financial performance. Utilizing the resource-based theory of competitive advantage, as well as stakeholder and diversity arguments, we hypothesize that firms employing greater percentages of women managers at the general management, top management, and board of director levels will experience relatively better financial performance. Examining Papers using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from the Wall Street Journal for 200 large firms, we find positive relationships between the firm's total percentage of women managers and ROS, ROA, ROI, and ROE. High percentages of women top managers and board members did not predict performance.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Managerial Issues}, author = {Shrader, Charles B. and Blackburn, Virginia B. and Iles, Paul}, year = {1997}, pages = {355--372}}

@techreportarticle{brush_diana_2008menzies_examining_2004, address title = {RochesterExamining {Venture}-related {Myths} {Concerning} {Women} {Entrepreneurs}}, NY volume = {9}, type copyright = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 2004}, issn = {SSRN10849467} , url = {Scholarlyhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/208428310/abstract/E7779CA6B1314111PQ/1} , abstract = {PaperDespite the increasing number of women who are starting businesses, distinct hurdles exist for them. For instance, there is a lower occurrence of females as business owners and a paucity of academic research on the topic of female entrepreneurs. Another major hurdle is the presence of "derogatory myths" like those specified in the U.S. Diana Project. A random sample of nascent entrepreneurs in Canada is utilized to examine these myths about women entrepreneurs. Although many of the myths were unsubstantiated, the findings show that perhaps women do not have the right educational background to start large businesses and they may be starting businesses unattractive to venture capitalists. These findings are a clear wake-up call for the implementation of new programs and policies to increase the number of females studying computer and engineering sciences and to encourage and nurture a higher incidence of females as lead entrepreneurs. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, language = {English}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; Norfolk}, author = {Menzies, Teresa V. and Diochon, Monica and Gasse, Yvon}, month = aug, year = {2004}, keywords = {Business And Economics, Education, Entrepreneurs, Gender equity, Studies, Women owned businesses}, pages = {89--107}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/F7FGQ8IA/Menzies et al. - 2004 - Examining Venture-related Myths Concerning Women E.pdf:application/pdf} }  @article{morris_dilemma_2006, title = {The {DianaDilemma} of {ProjectGrowth}: {WomenUnderstanding} {BusinessVenture} {OwnersSize} and {EquityChoices} of {CapitalWomen}: {TheEntrepreneurs}} , volume = {Myths44} , issn = {Dispelled}1540-627X}, shorttitle = {The {DianaDilemma} of {ProjectGrowth}}, url = {httpshttp://papersonlinelibrary.ssrnwiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x/abstract}, doi =1262312{10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x}, abstract = {This report from In recent years the number of women-owned firms with employees has expanded at three times the Diana Project explores rate of all employer firms. Yet women remain underrepresented in their proportion of high-growth firms. A number of plausible explanations exist. To develop richer insights, a two-stage research project was undertaken. A mail survey was sent to a sample of female entrepreneurs to assess motives, obstacles, goals and aspirations, needs, and business identity. Based on the extent survey results, follow-up, in-depth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs, selecting equally from modest-growth and high-growth ventures. In terms of quantitative findings, growth orientation was associated with whether a woman was “pushed” or “pulled” into entrepreneurship, was motivated by wealth or achievement factors, had a strong women's identity in the venture, had equity investments partners, and believed women faced unique selling obstacles. The qualitative research made clear that modest- and high-growth entrepreneurs differ in how they view themselves, their families, their ventures, and the larger environment. The results of both stages suggest that growth is a deliberate choice and that womenhave a clear sense of the costs and benefits of growth and make careful trade-owned businessesoff decisions. Surveyed were 1},700 applicants to the 2000 Springboard f language = {en}, number = {ID 12623122}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, institution journal = {Social Science Research NetworkJournal of Small Business Management}, author = {BrushMorris, Candy Michael H. and CarterMiyasaki, Nancy Nola N. and Watters, Craig E. and Coombes, Susan M. }, month = apr, year = {2006}, pages = {221--244}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/BNJ4C7HC/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/MHXNUBKG/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .html:text/html} }  @article{shrader_women_1997, title = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}: {An} {Exploratory} {Study}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1045-3695}, shorttitle = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604152}, abstract = {This study explores relationships of women in management positions with firm financial performance. Utilizing the resource-based theory of competitive advantage, as well as stakeholder and Gatewooddiversity arguments, we hypothesize that firms employing greater percentages of women managers at the general management, top management, Elizabeth Jand board of director levels will experience relatively better financial performance. Examining data from the Wall Street Journal for 200 large firms, we find positive relationships between the firm's total percentage of women managers and GreeneROS, ROA, ROI, Patricia Gand ROE. High percentages of women top managers and Hartboard members did not predict performance.}, Myra number = {3}, month urldate = sep{2017-03-28}, year journal = {2008Journal of Managerial Issues}, keywords author = {Equity capitalShrader, Female entrepreneursCharles B. and Blackburn, Female owned businessesVirginia B. and Iles, Firm growthPaul}, Gender year = {1997}, Venture capital pages = {355--372} }

@miscarticle{noauthor_female-founded_nodatesass_rubin_venture_2010, title = {Female-founded, Venture {VCCapital}-funded: and {TheUnderserved} numbers behind venture investment in women [datagraphic] {\textbarCommunities} {PitchBook} , volume = {News}45}, shorttitle issn = {Female1078-founded, {VC}-funded0874}, url = {httpshttp://pitchbookjournals.sagepub.com/newsdoi/articlesabs/10.1177/1078087410361574}, doi = {10.1177/female-founded-vc-funded-the-numbers-behind-venture-investment-in-women-datagraphic1078087410361574}, abstract = {In honor Access to equity capital is critical for the growth of Women’s History Monthbusinesses, especially for young companies, which lack the cash flows necessary to repay loans. To meet this need, we’re releasing a collection thriving venture capital industry has evolved, fostering job creation, economic growth, and innovation in the United States. Not all companies, however, have been equally able to access such investments. Firms owned by women and people of color and those located in rural and distressed urban regions of data on female-founded companies with VC backingthe country have been underserved by the venture capital industry. This note analyzes the factors responsible for this and proposes policies designed to ensure a more equitable economic landscape.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Urban Affairs Review}, author = {Sass Rubin, Julia}, month = jul, year = {2010}, pages = {821--835}, file = {SnapshotSAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/VVKVZBFSGQM5CSIW/FemaleSass Rubin -founded, VC2010 -funded The numbers behind ventVenture Capital and Underserved Communities.htmlpdf:textapplication/htmlpdf} }

@article{harrison_does_2007sila_women_2016, title = {Women on board: {Does {Gender} {Matter}boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk? {Women} {Business} {Angels} and the {Supply} of {Entrepreneurial} {Finance}}, volume = {3136}, issn = {15400929-65201199}, shorttitle = {Does {Gender} {Matter}?Women on board}, url = {http://onlinelibrarywww.wileysciencedirect.com/doiscience/10.1111article/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.xpii/abstractS0929119915001248}, doi = {10.11111016/j.1540-6520jcorpfin.20072015.0018210.x003}, abstract = {There is a substantial literature on We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and access to financefirm risk. HoweverTo identify a causal effect of gender on risk, most studies have been concerned with access to debt finance. More recently, the focus of this research has broadened to examine women we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and venture capital. This article extends the focus further risk being influenced by examining the role of women in the business angel market, which is more important than the formal venture capital market in terms of both the number of ventures supported and total capital flows. Based on a detailed analysis of business angels in the U.Kunobservable firm factors., the study concludes We find no evidence that women investors who are active in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respectsfemale boardroom representation influences equity risk. Future research into women business angels, and the possible existence of gender differences, needs to be based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies We also show that focus on the experience findings of a negative relationship between the woman angel investor per se, two variables are spurious and center on the examination of the role of homophily, social capital, networking, and competition in investment behaviordriven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and PracticeJournal of Corporate Finance}, author = {HarrisonSila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Richard T. Angelica and MasonHagendorff, Colin M.Jens}, month = mayfeb, year = {20072016}, keywords = {Board of directors, Endogeneity, Equity risk, Gender diversity}, pages = {44526--47253}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/TVIJSMZQ/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/QUVINADF463QZXFT/Harrison and Mason Sila et al. - 2007 2016 - Women on board Does Gender Matter Women Business Angels and the boardroom gender diversity af.html:text/html} }

@techreportmisc{brush_gatekeepers_2004teare_first_nodate, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} The first comprehensive study on the {Role} women in venture capital and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}their impact on female founders}, shorttitle = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}}, url = {httpshttp://paperssocial.ssrntechcrunch.com/abstract=12603852016/04/19/the-first-comprehensive-study-on-women-in-venture-capital/}, abstract = {The CrunchBase Women have received a disproportionately low share in Venture report is the third study in our ongoing analysis of available venture capital women and their participation in the United Statesstartup ecosystem. This study provides the first overview of women decisionreport..}, number = {ID 1260385}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, institution journal = {Social Science Research NetworkTechCrunch}, author = {BrushTeare, Candida G. Gené and CarterDesmond, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, MyraNed}, year = {2004}, keywords = {Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers, Venture capital, Venture capitalists}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/XD84WIHIDN65KRJK/Brush et al. Teare and Desmond - 2004 - Gatekeepers of Venture Growth A Diana Project RepThe first comprehensive study on women in venture .html:text/html} }

@article{chrisman_comparison_1990teresa_nelson_women_2009, title = {A comparison of assistance needs of male Women entrepreneurs and female pre-venture entrepreneurscapital: managing the shadow negotiation}, volume = {51}, issn = {08831756-90266266}, shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital}, url = {http://www.sciencedirectemeraldinsight.com/sciencedoi/articleabs/pii10.1108/088390269090019P17566260910942345}, doi = {10.10161108/0883-9026(90)90019-P17566260910942345}, abstract number = {In spite of the proliferation of studies of female entrepreneurs, few researchers have attempted to directly compare female and male entrepreneurs in terms of their problems, the assistance received in addressing these problems, the value of outside consulting services, and the number of startups subsequent to counseling. Such studies are needed, not only to determine if there are differences in the problems male and female entrepreneurs face, but more importantly, to determine if any of these differences affect the successful development of new ventures. The fact that the SBA recently established a special training program for women entrepreneurs funded by a new \$10 million grant, approved by Congress in 1988 (H.R. 5050), makes the issue even more timely and pertinent. To address this issue, this article compares samples of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs who received consulting assistance from a state-level Small Business Development Center (SBDC). The two groups were compared in terms of: (1) the strategic, administrative, and operating assistance received; (2) their evaluation of the value of the consulting services; and (3) their propensity to initiate ventures after receiving SBDC assistance. The study was based on the results of two surveys of the entire population of 457 long-term pre-venture clients that received counseling from one SBDC state system between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 1987. All clients were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning the kinds of assistance sought, the quality of the service received, and whether or not they subsequently went into business. We received 162 (35.4\%) usable responses, of which 94 were from males (58.0\%) and 68 were from females (42.0\%). T-tests and chi-square tests of independence and goodness-of-fit were used to test hypotheses pertaining to the assistance needs of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Results indicated that male and female clients of the SBDC are virtually identical in terms of their assistance needs. Females do not appear to need more assistance than males, nor do they appear to require different types of assistance. The virtually identical ratings of service value among males and females also indicates that both genders are equally satisfied with the assistance received. Taken together, these findings suggest that females suffer no significant entrepreneurial disadvantages compared to males. If they had, it would be logical to assume that females, who received the same types and amounts of assistance as males, would find such levels of service inadequate, and consequently, rate it less favorably. Furthermore, the fact that the proportion of female clients was statistically equal to the proportion of net new businesses operated by women refutes the notion that general-assistance programs such as the SBDC are not equally accessible to both genders. The fact that female client start-ups were significantly higher than their proportional representation in the region further supports this conclusion. The primary implication for public policy makers and outside consultants is that little evidence exists to warrant special treatment or special programs for females, especially at a cost of \$10 million. In terms of research implications, our results suggest that it would be better if future studies concentrated on behaviors and strategic factors affecting the performance of new ventures (whether male-or female-owned), rather than merely comparing the characteristics of the entrepreneurs who start them.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {International Journal of Business VenturingGender and Entrepreneurship}, author = {Chrisman, James J. {Teresa Nelson} and Carsrud, Alan L. {Sylvia Maxfield} and DeCastro, Julio and Herron, Lanny{Deborah Kolb}}, month = julmar, year = {19902009}, pages = {23557--24876}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/2KEMBAB6/Chrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/9BBM2EQVSJKTSKCI/Chrisman Teresa Nelson et al. - 1990 2009 - A comparison of assistance needs of male Women entrepreneurs and femalventure capital managing .html:text/html} }

Survey Interview women who have received or are in process of participants in state-level Small Business Development Center programs (U.S.)negotiating VCPre-ventureMen & women entreps have same needsProcess appears gender neutral but may not be; "shadow negotiating"

@articlemisc{ahern_changing_2012noauthor_pg_nodate, title type = {The {Changing} of the {Boards}: {The} {Impact} on {Firm} {Valuation} of {Mandated} {Female} {Board} {Representation}Text}, volume title = {127}, issn = Pg 22 {0033-5533\textbar}, shorttitle = {The {ChangingCorporate} of the {BoardsGovernance}}, url = {httpshttp://academicwww.oupcatalyst.com/qje/article/127/1org/137knowledge/1832366topics/The-Changing-ofcorporate-the-Boards-The-Impact-on-Firmgovernance}, doi abstract = {10Pg 22 {\textbar} Leadership at the top of corporations shapes companies, communities, and societies.1093/qje/qjr049}A gender-diverse board of directors and senior leadership team (C-suite) will help corporations lead and manage sustainable, effective business strategies, role model employee opportunities, number = {1and enhance their reputation.}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {The Quarterly Journal of EconomicsCatalyst}, author file = {Ahern, Kenneth RSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8. and Dittmar, Amy Kdefault/zotero/storage/5KCNCMT3/Pg 22 Corporate Governance.}, month = feb, year = {2012}, pages = {137--197html:text/html} }

URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x/full} }

Unfortunately , this study was done in Turkey but they found that "No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur"  @article{scottincrease}, title={Why More Women Are Becoming Entrepreneurs}, author={Scott, Carole E.}, journal={Journal of Small Business Management} abstract={From 1972 to 1982 the number of self-employed women in the United States increased by 69 percent. This represented a rate of increase five times greater than that for men in the same period. From 1977 to 1980 the proportion of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by women increased from 22.6 percent to 26.1 percent. In addition, the number of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by couples soared from 284,405 in 1981 to 440,000 in 1982. To find out why women are turning to entrepreneurship in increasing numbers, two surveys were conducted: one of women entrepreneurs in the state of Georgia, and another of both male and female entrepreneurs in the Atlanta area for purposes of comparison.}, URL={https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-4587543/why-more-women-are-becoming-entrepreneurs} } Says number of self-employed women skyrocketed between 1972-1982 (of course, this could just be because more women were entering the workplace in general during this time).

URL={https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/127/1/137/1832366/The-Changing-of-the-Boards-The-Impact-on-Firm?redirectedFrom=fulltext} }

URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00570.x/full} }

@article{birley1987training}, title={Do Women tend to perceive themselves Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?}, author={Birley, Sue, Moss, Caroline, Peter, Saunders}, journal={American Journal of Small Business}, year={1987}, abstract={This paper analyzes the characteristics of male and female participants attending pioneering entrepreneurship development programs, which form part of an economic strategy directed at increasing the entrepreneurial environment in quality and quantfty of new firms. The participants did not need to have a business plan, finance available or formal education, but must have had a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample “reasonably feasible idea”. The results show significant differences between the characteristics of the male and female entrepreneurs, and regardless the businesses which they form. .}, URL={https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/137594.pdf} } This discusses the different characteristics of entrepreneurial motivationmale and female entrepreneurs.

@article{carter1992family},

URL={http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47694/} }

@article{cohoon2010differences}, title={Are Successful Women Entrepreneurs Different from Men?}, author={Cohoon, J, Wadhwa, Vivek, Mitchell, Lesa}, journal={Journal of Small Business Management}, pages={1-16} year={2010}, abstract={Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little about female entrepreneurs, and our ignorance of this important demographic is a serious blind spot in any effort to increase the total number of entrepreneurs participating in our economy. What little we do know suggests that women are not nearly as active in the entrepreneurial space as they could be. This study attempts to address part of this knowledge gap. This discusses based on data were collected in 2008-2009 from 549 respondents from randomly selected high-tech companies who were invited to participate. It compares the different characteristics backgrounds, and experiences and motivations of men and women entrepreneurs. Our findings show that successful women and men entrepreneurs are similar in almost every respect. They had equivalent levels of education (slightly less than half earned graduate degrees), early interest in starting their own business (about half had at least some interest), a strong desire to build wealth or capitalize on a business idea, access to funding, and they largely agreed on the top issues and challenges facing any entrepreneur. The data also identify some small but potentially informative gender differences among successful entrepreneurs. For instance, motivations for starting a business differed slightly between men and women. The latter were more likely to cite a business partner’s encouragement as a key incentive to take the plunge. Women also were more likely than men to get early funding from their business partners.} URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar} } This study found that male and female entrepreneursdon't differ too much psychologically, only minutely in their reasons for starting a business.Kauffman fdn fundedSurvey of founders of HTHG companiesSuccessful men & women very similar, but small differences-women more likely to get funding & encouragement from business partner. Women estimate likelihood of success based on prior experience.Conclusion: women entreps need access to mentors 7 support networks

@article{demartino2003mba},

volume={18} pages={815-832} issue={6}

URL={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088390260300003X} }

@article{langowitz2007propensity}, title={The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women}, author={Langowitz, Nan and Minniti, Maria}, year={2007}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice} volume={31} issue={3} pages={341-364} abstract={Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important source of employment for women across many countries. The level of female involvement in entrepreneurial activity, however, is still significantly lower than that of men. We take a behavioral economics approach and, using a large sample of individuals in 17 countries, we investigate what variables influence the entrepreneurial propensity of women and whether those variables have a significant correlation with differences across genders. In addition to demographic and economic variables, we include a number of perceptual variables. Our results show that subjective perceptual variables have a crucial influence on the entrepreneurial propensity of women and account for much of the difference in entrepreneurial activity between the sexes. Specifically, we find that women tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation. Our results suggest that perceptual variables may be significant universal factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior.}, URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.x/full} } Papers using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataWomen tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation.   @article{zapalska1997psychpoland},

pages={76-82}

URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar} }

@article{brush2009genderaterido2013access, title={A Access to finance in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurshipgap?}, author={BrushAterido, Candida G Reyes and De BruinBeck, Anne Thorsten and WelterIacovone, FriederikeLeonardo}, journal={International Journal of Gender and EntrepreneurshipWorld Development}, volume={1}, number={147}, pages={8102--24}, year={2009}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited} }  @article{fairlie2009gender, title={Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey}, author={Fairlie, Robert W and Robb, Alicia M}, journal={Small Business Economics}, volume={33}, number={4}, pages={375120}, year={20092013}, publisher={Springer} }  @article{brush2004gatekeepers, title={Gatekeepers of venture growth: A Diana Project report on the role and participation of women in the venture capital industry}, author={Brush, Candida G and Carter, Nancy M and Gatewood, Elizabeth J and Greene, Patricia G and Hart, Myra}, year={2004Elsevier}

@article{minniti2009genderbaughn2006normative, title={Gender issues The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneurshipentrepreneruship: A multicountry study}, author={MinnitiBaughn, Maria C Christopher and othersChua, Bee-Leng and Neupert, Kent E}, journal={Foundations Entrepreneurship Theory and Trends{\textregistered} in EntrepreneurshipPractice}, volume={530}, number={7--85}, pages={497687--621708}, year={20092006}, publisher={Now Publishers, Inc.Wiley Online Library}

@article{nelson2009womenbrush2009gender, title={Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the shadow negotiationA gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurship}, author={NelsonBrush, Teresa Candida G and MaxfieldDe Bruin, Sylvia Anne and KolbWelter, DeborahFriederike},

pages={578--7624},

@article{siegel2007risebrush2004gatekeepers, title={The rise Gatekeepers of entrepreneurial activity at universitiesventure growth: organizational A Diana Project report on the role and societal implicationsparticipation of women in the venture capital industry}, author={SiegelBrush, Donald S Candida G and WrightCarter, Mike Nancy M and LockettGatewood, Andy}Elizabeth J and Greene, journal={Industrial Patricia G and Corporate Change}, volume={16}, number={4}Hart, pages={489--504Myra}, year={2007}, publisher={Oxford University Press2004}

@article{tinkler2015genderbrush2002role, title={Gender and venture capital decision-making: The effects role of technical background and social capital on and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial evaluationsfirms: a framework for future research}, author={TinklerBrush, Justine E Candida G and WhittingtonCarter, Kjersten Bunker Nancy M and KuGreene, Manwai C Patricia G and DaviesHart, Andrea ReesMyra M and Gatewood, Elizabeth}, journal={Social Science ResearchVenture Capital: An international journal of entrepreneurial finance}, volume={514}, number={4}, pages={1305--16323}, year={20152002}, publisher={ElsevierTaylor \& Francis}

@article{mason2009publicfairlie2009gender, title={Public policy support for the informal venture capital market Gender differences in Europebusiness performance: a critical reviewevidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey}, author={MasonFairlie, Colin Robert W and Robb, Alicia M}, journal={International small business JournalSmall Business Economics}, volume={2733}, number={54}, pages={536--556375},

publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, EnglandSpringer}

@article{brush2002roleklapper2010gender, title={The role of social capital Gender and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: a framework the business environment for future researchnew firm creation}, author={BrushKlapper, Candida G Leora F and CarterParker, Nancy M and Greene, Patricia G and Hart, Myra M and Gatewood, ElizabethSimon C}, journal={Venture Capital: An international journal of entrepreneurial finance}, volume={4}, number={4}, pages={305--323}, year={2002}, publisher={Taylor \& Francis} }  @inproceedings{minniti2003women, title={Women in entrepreneurship}, author={Minniti, Maria and Arenius, Pia}, booktitle={The entrepreneurial advantage of nations: First annual global entrepreneurship symposium}, volume={29}, year={2003}, organization={Citeseer} }  @article{neergaard2005impact, title={The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: a research agenda}, author={Neergaard, Helle and Shaw, Eleanor and Carter, Sara}, journal={International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior \& World Bank ResearchObserver}, volume={1126}, number={52}, pages={338237--357257}, year={20052010}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing LimitedOxford University Press}

@article{watson2009genderneergaard2005impact, title={Gender The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: a research agenda}, author={Neergaard, Helle and Shaw, Eleanor and Carter, Sara}, journal={International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior \& Research}, volume={11}, number={5}, pages={338--357}, year={2005}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited} }  @article{nelson2009women, title={Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the SME “finance gap”shadow negotiation}, author={WatsonNelson, John Teresa and NewbyMaxfield, Rick Sylvia and MahukaKolb, AnnieDeborah},

pages={4257--5676},

@article{baughn2006normativesiegel2007rise, title={The normative context for women's participation in entreprenerushiprise of entrepreneurial activity at universities: A multicountry studyorganizational and societal implications}, author={BaughnSiegel, C Christopher Donald S and Wright, Mike and Lockett, Andy}, journal={Industrial and ChuaCorporate Change}, volume={16}, Bee number={4}, pages={489-Leng -504}, year={2007}, publisher={Oxford University Press} }  @article{stephan2007entrepreneurial, title={The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap}, author={Stephan, Paula E and NeupertEl-Ganainy, Kent EAsmaa}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and PracticeThe Journal of Technology Transfer}, volume={3032},

pages={687475--708487}, year={20062007}, publisher={Wiley Online LibrarySpringer} }  @article{tinkler2015gender, title={Gender and venture capital decision-making: The effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations}, author={Tinkler, Justine E and Whittington, Kjersten Bunker and Ku, Manwai C and Davies, Andrea Rees}, journal={Social Science Research}, volume={51}, pages={1--16}, year={2015}, publisher={Elsevier} }  @article{watson2009gender, title={Gender and the SME “finance gap”}, author={Watson, John and Newby, Rick and Mahuka, Annie}, journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship}, volume={1}, number={1}, pages={42--56}, year={2009}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}

StathamArfken, AnneDeborah E. 1987, Stephanie L. Bellar, and Marilyn M. Helms. 2004a. “The Gender Model Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: Differences in the Management Styles The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98.———. 2004b. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Men and Womenon Corporate Boards.” Sex Roles 16 Journal of Business Ethics 50 (7–82):409–30177–86. https://doi.org/10.10071023/BF00289552B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98. @article{statham_gender_1987arfken_ultimate_2004, title = {The gender model revisited{Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}: {DifferencesThe} {Presence} in the management styles of men and women{Women} on {Corporate} {Boards}}, volume = {1650}, issn = {03600167-00254544, 1573-27620697}, shorttitle = {The gender model revisited{Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.10071023/BF00289552B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98}, doi = {10.10071023/BF00289552B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98}, abstract = {Qualitative data from 22 women and 18 men managers and their secretaries were analyzed to provide insights into gender differences Has the diversity of corporate boards of directors improved? Should it? What role does diversity play in reducing corporate wrongdoing? Will diversity result in managerial styles. Traditional management style topologies, based largely on studies a more focused board of directors or more board autonomy? Examining the state of men's behaviorsTennessee as a case study, were called into question. Using an approach that allowed other topologies to emerge from the authors collected data, on the respondents perceived that women were both task board composition of publicly traded corporations and people oriented, while men appeared image engrossed and autonomy investedcompared those data to an original study conducted in 1995. Respondents reported Data indicate only a strong preference modest improvement in board diversity. This article discusses reasons for their gender-appropriate model the scarcity of women on boards and misunderstandingconcludes that, even exasperationto enhance strategic decisions, with those using board membership should reflect the alternative approachcorporation's consumer population. The existence of such different modelsThus, especially if unrecognized, would place women at a disadvantage, since their success as managers is usually assessed by men who are likely to have a strong preference critical but overlooked resource. Areas for the male-typed approach. The findings future research are also suggest possible modifications to existing measures of managerial styles, particularly a consideration of image-engrossed approaches. Future research is suggested to further explore and confirm these findingsconsidered.},

number = {7-82},

journal = {Sex RolesJournal of Business Ethics}, author = {StathamArfken, AnneDeborah E. and Bellar, Stephanie L. and Helms, Marilyn M.}, month = aprmar, year = {2004}, pages = {177--186} } Bass, Bernard M., and Bruce J. Avolio. 1994. “Shatter the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers.” Human Resource Management 33 (4):549–560. @article{bass_shatter_1994, title = {Shatter the glass ceiling: {Women} may make better managers}, volume = {33}, shorttitle = {Shatter the glass ceiling}, number = {4}, journal = {Human resource management}, author = {Bass, Bernard M. and Avolio, Bruce J.}, year = {19871994}, pages = {409549--430560}

BassEngen, Bernard MMarloes L., Rien Leeden, and Bruce J. Avolio. 1994. “Shatter the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers.” Human Resource Management 33 (4):549–560. @article{bass_shatter_1994, title = {Shatter the glass ceiling: {Women} may make better managers}, volume = {33}, shorttitle = {Shatter the glass ceiling}, number = {4}, journal = {Human resource management}, author = {Bass, Bernard Tineke M. and Avolio, Bruce JWillemsen.}, year = {1994}, pages = {549--560} } Powell, Gary N2001.“Gender, Context and D. Anthony Butterfield. 1994. “Investigating the ‘glass Ceiling’ PhenomenonLeadership Styles: An Empirical A Field Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management.” Academy of Management Journal 37 (1):68–86. @article{powell_investigating_1994, title = {Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon: {An} empirical study of actual promotions to top management}, volume = {37}, shorttitle = {Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon}, number = {1}, journal = {Academy of Management Journal}, author = {Powell, Gary N. Occupational and Butterfield, D. Anthony}, year = {1994}, pages = {68--86} } Mattis, Mary C. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs: Out from under the Glass Ceiling.” Women in Management Review 19 Organizational Psychology 74 (35):154–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420410529861581–598. @article{mattis_women_2004engen_gender_2001, title = {Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling}, volume = {19}, issn = {0964-9425}, shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09649420410529861}, doi = {10.1108/09649420410529861}, number = {3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Women in Management Review}, author = {Mattis, Mary C.}, month = apr, year = {2004}, pages = {154--163} } Arfken, Deborah E., Stephanie L. BellarGender, context and Marilyn M. Helms. 2004a. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98.———. 2004b. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/Bleadership styles:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98. @article{arfken_ultimate_2004, title = {The {Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}: {The} {Presence} of {Women} on {Corporate} {BoardsA}field study}, volume = {50}, issn = {0167-4544, 1573-069774}, shorttitle = {The {Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98}Gender, doi = {10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98}, abstract = {Has the diversity of corporate boards of directors improved? Should it? What role does diversity play in reducing corporate wrongdoing? Will diversity result in a more focused board of directors or more board autonomy? Examining the state of Tennessee as a case study, the authors collected data on the board composition of publicly traded corporations context and compared those data to an original study conducted in 1995. Data indicate only a modest improvement in board diversity. This article discusses reasons for the scarcity of women on boards and concludes that, to enhance strategic decisions, board membership should reflect the corporation's consumer population. Thus, women are a critical but overlooked resource. Areas for future research are also considered.}, language = {enleadership styles}, number = {2}, urldate = {2018-01-235}, journal = {Journal of Business Ethicsoccupational and organizational psychology}, author = {ArfkenEngen, Deborah EMarloes L. and BellarLeeden, Stephanie L. Rien and HelmsWillemsen, Marilyn Tineke M.}, month = mar, year = {20042001}, pages = {177581--186598}

Mattis, Mary C. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs: Out from under the Glass Ceiling.” Women in Management Review 19 (3):154–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420410529861. @article{mattis_women_2004, title = {Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling}, volume = {19}, issn ={0964-9425}, shorttitle ={Women entrepreneurs}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09649420410529861}, doi = {10.1108/09649420410529861}, number = {3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Women in Management Review}, author = {Mattis, Mary C.}, month = apr, year = {2004}, pages = {154--163} } Oakley, Judith G. 2000. “Gender-Based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs.” Journal of Business Ethics 27 (4):321–334. @article{oakley_gender-based_2000, title = {Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: {Understanding} the scarcity of female {CEOs}}, volume = {27}, shorttitle = {Gender -based barriers to senior management positions}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of business ethics}, author = {Oakley, Judith G.}, year = {2000}, pages = {321--334} } Powell, Gary N., and Risk TakingD. Anthony Butterfield. 1994. “Investigating the ‘glass Ceiling’ Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management.” Academy of Management Journal 37 (1):68–86. @article{powell_investigating_1994, title ={Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon: {An} empirical study of actual promotions to top management}, volume ={37}, shorttitle ={Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon}, number ={1}, journal =All Sources Available {Academy of Management Journal}, author = {Powell, Gary N. and Butterfield, D. Anthony}, year = {1994}, pages = {68--86} } Ragins, Belle Rose, Bickley Townsend, and Mary Mattis. 1998a. “Gender Gap in the Executive Suite: CEOs and Female Executives Report on Breaking the Glass Ceiling.” The Academy of Management Executive 12 (1):28–42.———. 1998b. “Gender Gap in the Executive Suite: CEOs and Female Executives Report on Breaking the Glass Ceiling.” The Academy of Management Executive 12 (1):28–42. @article{ragins_gender_1998, title = {Gender gap in the executive suite: {CEOs} and female executives report on Google Scholar or Fondrenbreaking the glass ceiling}, volume = {12}, shorttitle = {Gender gap in the executive suite}, number = {1}, journal = {The Academy of Management Executive}, author = {Ragins, Belle Rose and Townsend, Bickley and Mattis, Mary}, year = {1998}, pages = {28--42} } Rigg, Clare, and John Sparrow. 1994. “Gender, Diversity and Working Styles.” Women in Management Review 9 (1):9–16. @article{rigg_gender_1994, title = {Gender, diversity and working styles}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, journal ={Women in Management Review}, author ={Rigg, Clare and Sparrow, John}, year ={1994}, pages = {9--16} }

ByrnesRutherford, James PSarah., David C2001. Miller, “Any Difference? An Analysis of Gender and William D. Schafer. 1999Divisional Management Styles in a Large Airline. ” Gender Differences in Risk Taking, Work & Organization 8 (3): A Meta-Analysis. American Psychological Association326–345. @bookarticle{byrnes_gender_1999rutherford_any_2001, title = {Gender differences in risk taking: Any difference? {AAn} meta-analysis.of gender and divisional management styles in a large airline}, volume = {8}, shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk takingAny difference?}, publisher number = {American Psychological Association3}, author journal = {ByrnesGender, James P. and MillerWork \& Organization}, David C. and Schafer author = {Rutherford, William D.Sarah}, year = {19992001}, pages = {326--345}

FaccioSmith, Mara, Maria-Teresa MarchicaPatricia L., and Roberto MuraEllwood F. 2016Oakley. “CEO Gender, Corporate Risk1997. “Gender-Taking, Related Differences in Ethical and the Efficiency Social Values of Capital AllocationBusiness Students: Implications for Management.” Journal of Corporate Finance 39Business Ethics 16 (1):193–20937–45. @article{faccio_ceo_2016smith_gender-related_1997, title = {Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: {Implications} for management}, volume = {CEO16} gender, corporate risk shorttitle = {Gender-taking, related differences in ethical and the efficiency social values of capital allocationbusiness students}, volume number = {391}, journal = {Journal of Corporate FinanceBusiness Ethics}, author = {FaccioSmith, Mara Patricia L. and MarchicaOakley, Maria-Teresa and Mura, RobertoEllwood F.}, year = {20161997}, pages = {19337--20945}

"Firms run Statham, Anne. 1987. “The Gender Model Revisited: Differences in the Management Styles of Men and Women.” Sex Roles 16 (7–8):409–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289552. @article{statham_gender_1987, title = {The gender model revisited: {Differences} in the management styles of men and women}, volume = {16}, issn = {0360-0025, 1573-2762}, shorttitle = {The gender model revisited}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00289552}, doi = {10.1007/BF00289552}, abstract = {Qualitative data from 22 women and 18 men managers and their secretaries were analyzed to provide insights into gender differences in managerial styles. Traditional management style topologies, based largely on studies of men's behaviors, were called into question. Using an approach that allowed other topologies to emerge from the data, the respondents perceived that women were both task and people oriented, while men appeared image engrossed and autonomy invested. Respondents reported a strong preference for their gender-appropriate model and misunderstanding, even exasperation, with those using the alternative approach. The existence of such different models, especially if unrecognized, would place women at a disadvantage, since their success as managers is usually assessed by female CEOs men who are likely to have lower leverage, less volatile earningsa strong preference for the male-typed approach. The findings also suggest possible modifications to existing measures of managerial styles, and particularly a higher chance consideration of survival… riskimage-avoidance behavior leads engrossed approaches. Future research is suggested to distortions in capital allocation" data from European firmsfurther explore and confirm these findings.}, language = {en}, number = {7-8}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Sex Roles}, author = {Statham, Anne}, month = apr, year = {1987}, pages = {409--430} }

PowellColquitt, MelanieJason A., Brent A. Scott, and David AnsicJeffery A. 1997LePine. “Gender Differences in 2007. Trust, Trustworthiness, and Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships with Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental AnalysisTaking and Job Performance.” Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6):605–628American Psychological Association. @articlebook{powell_gender_1997colquitt_trust_2007, title = {Gender differences in Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk behaviour in financial decision-making: {An} experimental analysistaking and job performance.}, volume shorttitle = {18}Trust, shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making}trustworthiness, number = {6and trust propensity}, journal publisher = {Journal of economic psychologyAmerican Psychological Association}, author = {PowellColquitt, Melanie Jason A. and AnsicScott, DavidBrent A. and LePine, Jeffery A.}, year = {1997}, pages = {605--6282007}

MaxfieldFaccio, SylviaMara, Mary Shapiro, Vipin GuptaMaria-Teresa Marchica, and Susan HassRoberto Mura. 20102016. “Gender and Risk: Women“CEO Gender, Corporate Risk -Taking , and Risk Aversionthe Efficiency of Capital Allocation.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 25 (7)of Corporate Finance 39:586–604193–209. @article{maxfield_gender_2010faccio_ceo_2016, title = {Gender and risk: women{CEO} gender, corporate risk -taking , and risk aversionthe efficiency of capital allocation}, volume = {25}, shorttitle = {Gender and risk}, number = {739}, journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journalof Corporate Finance}, author = {MaxfieldFaccio, Sylvia Mara and ShapiroMarchica, Mary and Gupta, Vipin Maria-Teresa and HassMura, SusanRoberto}, year = {20102016}, pages = {586193--604209}

Women's "Firms run by female CEOs have lower leverage, less volatile earnings, and a higher chance of survival… risk-taking "remains invisibleavoidance behavior leads to distortions in capital allocation"data from European firms

ColquittHardies, Jason A.Kris, Brent A. ScottDiane Breesch, and Jeffery A. LePineJoël Branson. 20072013. Trust, Trustworthiness, “Gender Differences in Overconfidence and Trust PropensityRisk Taking: A MetaDo Self-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships with Risk Taking Selection and Job Performance. American Psychological AssociationSocialization Matter?” Economics Letters 118 (3):442–444. @bookarticle{colquitt_trust_2007hardies_gender_2013, title = {Trust, trustworthiness, Gender differences in overconfidence and trust propensityrisk taking: a meta{Do} self-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking selection and job performance.socialization matter?}, volume = {118}, shorttitle = {TrustGender differences in overconfidence and risk taking}, trustworthiness, and trust propensity number = {3}, publisher journal = {American Psychological AssociationEconomics Letters}, author = {ColquittHardies, Jason A. Kris and ScottBreesch, Brent A. Diane and LePineBranson, Jeffery A.Joël}, year = {20072013}, pages = {442--444}

SchubertHe, RenateXin, Martin Brown, Matthias GyslerJ. Jeffrey Inman, and Hans Wolfgang BrachingerVikas Mittal. 19992008. “Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?” The American Economic Review 89 (2):381–385. @article{schubert_financial_1999, title = {“Gender Jeopardy in Financial decision-making: are women really more risk-averse?}, volume = {89}, shorttitle = {Financial decision-making}, number = {2}, journal = {The American economic review}, author = {Schubert, Renate and Brown, Martin and Gysler, Matthias and Brachinger, Hans Wolfgang}, year = {1999}, pages = {381--385} } Olsen, Robert A., and Constance M. Cox. 2001. “The Influence of Gender on the Perception and Response to Investment Risk: The Case of Professional InvestorsTaking.” The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets 2 Marketing Research 45 (1):29–36. @article{olsen_influence_2001, title = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: {The} case of professional investors}, volume = {2}, shorttitle = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk}, number = {1}, journal = {The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets}, author = {Olsen, Robert A. and Cox, Constance M.}, year = {2001}, pages = {29--36} } Harris, Christine R., Michael Jenkins, and Dale Glaser. 2006. “Gender Differences in Risk Assessment: Why Do Women Take Fewer Risks than Men?” Judgment and Decision Making 1 (14):48414–424. @article{harris_gender_2006he_gender_2008, title = {Gender differences in risk assessment: why do women take fewer risks than men?}, volume = {1}, shorttitle = {Gender differences jeopardy in financial risk assessment}, number = {1}, journal = {Judgment and Decision making}, author = {Harris, Christine R. and Jenkins, Michael and Glaser, Dale}, year = {2006}, pages = {48} } Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon, and Alexandra Bernasek. 1998. “Are Women More Risk Averse?” Economic Inquiry 36 (4):620–630. @article{jianakoplos_are_1998, title = {Are women more risk averse?taking}, volume = {3645},

journal = {Economic inquiryJournal of Marketing Research}, author = {JianakoplosHe, Nancy Ammon Xin and BernasekInman, AlexandraJ. Jeffrey and Mittal, Vikas}, year = {19982008}, pages = {620414--630424}

CraverJianakoplos, Charles B.Nancy Ammon, and David W. BarnesAlexandra Bernasek. 1998. “Gender, “Are Women More Risk Taking, and Negotiation Performance.Averse?” Mich. J. Gender & L. 5Economic Inquiry 36 (4):299620–630. @article{craver_gender_1998jianakoplos_are_1998, title = {Gender, Are women more risk takingaverse?}, and negotiation performance volume = {36}, volume number = {54}, journal = {Mich. J. Gender \& L.Economic inquiry}, author = {CraverJianakoplos, Charles B. Nancy Ammon and BarnesBernasek, David W.Alexandra},

pages = {299620--630}

MacCrimmon==Gender and Venture Capital=====All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren=== Amatucci, Kenneth RFrances M., and Donald AJeffrey E. WehrungSohl. 19902004. “Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives“Women Entrepreneurs Securing Business Angel Financing: Tales from the Field.” Management Science 36 Venture Capital 6 (42–3):422–435181–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579. @article{maccrimmon_characteristics_1990amatucci_women_2004, title = {Characteristics of risk taking executivesWomen entrepreneurs securing business angel financing: tales from the field}, volume = {366}, issn = {1369-1066}, shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579}, doi = {10.1080/1369106042000223579}, abstract = {While women-led businesses are the fastest growing segment of venture creation in the US economy, the amount of private equity capital investment they receive is disproportionately small. Informal venture capital, or business angel, investment is as large as venture capital activity, and business angels provide the majority of the critical seed and start-up stage capital. This research explores the investment decision process involving women entrepreneurs and business angels from the perspective of demand. Successful strategies of women entrepreneurs are investigated using in-depth interviews. In particular, pre-investment processes, trust, comprehensiveness, the post-investment relationship and gender are examined.}, number = {42-3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Management scienceVenture Capital}, author = {MacCrimmonAmatucci, Kenneth RFrances M. and WehrungSohl, Donald AJeffrey E.}, month = apr, year = {19902004}, keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Business Angels, Women Entrepreneurs}, pages = {422181--435196}

HardiesBrooks, KrisAlison Wood, Diane BreeschLaura Huang, Sarah Wood Kearney, and Joël BransonFiona E. Murray. 2014. 2013“Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men. “Gender Differences in Overconfidence and Risk Taking: Do Self-Selection and Socialization Matter?” Economics Letters 118 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (312):442–4444427–31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111. @article{hardies_gender_2013brooks_investors_2014, title = {Gender differences in overconfidence and risk takingInvestors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men}, volume = {111}, issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, url = {http: //www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4427}, doi = {Do10.1073/pnas.1321202111} self, abstract = {Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-selection up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur’s business proposition and previous experience are regarded as the main criteria for investment decisions. Our research, however, documents other critical criteria that investors use to make these decisions: the gender and physical attractiveness of the entrepreneurs themselves. Across a field setting (three entrepreneurial pitch competitions in the United States) and two experiments, we identify a profound and socialization consistent gender gap in entrepreneur persuasiveness. Investors prefer pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared with pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. This effect is moderated by male physical attractiveness: attractive males were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter?among female entrepreneurs.}, volume language = {118en}, shorttitle number = {Gender differences in overconfidence and risk taking12}, number urldate = {32018-01-23}, journal = {Economics LettersProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {HardiesBrooks, Kris Alison Wood and BreeschHuang, Diane Laura and BransonKearney, JoëlSarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E.}, month = mar, year = {20132014}, pmid = {24616491}, keywords = {persuasion, physical appearance}, pages = {4424427--4444431}

==Gender and Venture Capital=====All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren=== TinklerBrush, Candida G., Justine ENancy M.Carter, Kjersten Bunker WhittingtonElizabeth J. Gatewood, Manwai CPatricia G. KuGreene, and Andrea Rees DaviesMyra Hart. 20152004. “Gender and “Gatekeepers of Venture Capital Decision-MakingGrowth: The Effects A Diana Project Report on the Role and Participation of Technical Background and Social Women in the Venture Capital on Entrepreneurial EvaluationsIndustry.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1260385. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research 51 (May):1–16Network. https://doipapers.org/10ssrn.1016com/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008abstract=1260385. @articletechreport{tinkler_gender_2015brush_gatekeepers_2004, title address = {Gender and venture capital decision-making: {The} effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluationsRochester, NY}, volume type = {51{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, issn title = {0049-089XGatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, shorttitle = {Gender and venture capital decision-makingGatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}}, url = {httphttps://wwwpapers.sciencedirectssrn.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14002324}, doi abstract= {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.0081260385}, abstract = {Research on gender and workplace Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision-making tends makers in the venture capital industry. Data from Pratt's Guide to address either supply-side disparities between men’s Venture Capital Sources for 1995 and women’s human 2000 was analyzed to identify the numbers and social capital, or demand-side differences in the status expectations characteristics of women and men workersin management positions. In addition, this work often relies on causal inferences drawn from empirical data collected on worker characteristics and their workplace outcomeshigh-profile women venture capitalists were interviewed. In this The study, we demonstrate how tangible education and work history credentials – typically associated with supplytested the hypothesis that the presence of more women in decision-side characteristics – work making roles in tandem with cultural beliefs about gender to influence the evaluative process that underlies venture capital decisions made in high-growth, high-tech entrepreneurshipindustry would provide greater access to capital for women entrepreneurs. Using an experimental designThree key points were considered: (1) whether highly visible, we simulate funding decisions by experienced women venture capitalists exist in the venture capital industry; (VCs2) for men and whether such women entrepreneurs that differ venture capitalists influence decision making in technical background their firms; and (3) whether such women venture capitalists increase the presence flow of important social tieswomen-led deals to their firms. We demonstrate Results indicate that the presence of two distinct aspects of VCs’ evaluation: venture capital industry is overwhelmingly male; that of the pre-existing relationships provide an important link between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists; and that of the entrepreneurwomen venture capitalists do not give preferential treatment to women, and find although 70 percent are in partnerships that have closed deals with women-led companies. It appears that the gender presence of more women venture capitalists would lead to the entrepreneur influences evaluations most when the person, rather than the following: increased network connections between venture, is the target of evaluation. Technical background qualifications moderate the influence of gendered expectations, capitalists and women receive more entrepreneurs; increased numbers of proposals to women venture capitalists; a payoff than men from having greater likelihood that firms will invest in women-owned firms; an increase in women's access to capital; and a close contact to more powerful voice for women in the evaluating VC. We discuss the implications for future research on gender and workcountry's entrepreneurial progress.}, language = {en}, number = {ID 1260385},

journal institution = {Social Science ResearchNetwork}, author = {TinklerBrush, Justine ECandida G. and Bunker WhittingtonCarter, Kjersten Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and KuGreene, Manwai CPatricia G. and DaviesHart, Andrea ReesMyra}, month = may, year = {20152004}, keywords = {Venture capital, GenderVenture Capitalists, Barriers to growth, Gender biasFemale entrepreneurs, Social psychologyFemale owned businesses, Technology}Females, pages = {1--16Managers}

BrooksCooper, Alison Wood, Laura Huang, Sarah Wood KearneyArnold C., and Fiona E. Murray. 2014. “Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (12):4427–31. https://doi.org/10F.1073/pnas.1321202111. @article{brooks_investors_2014, title = {Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men}, volume = {111}, issn = {0027Javier Gimeno-8424Gascon, 1091-6490}, url = {http://www.pnasand Carolyn Y.org/content/111/12/4427}, doi = {10Woo.1073/pnas1994.1321202111}, abstract = {Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur’s business proposition “Initial Human and previous experience are regarded Financial Capital as the main criteria for investment decisions. Our research, however, documents other critical criteria that investors use to make these decisions: the gender and physical attractiveness Predictors of the entrepreneurs themselves. Across a field setting (three entrepreneurial pitch competitions in the United States) and two experiments, we identify a profound and consistent gender gap in entrepreneur persuasiveness. Investors prefer pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared with pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. This effect is moderated by male physical attractiveness: attractive males were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter among female entrepreneurs.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Brooks, Alison Wood and Huang, Laura and Kearney, Sarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E.}, month = mar, year = {2014}, pmid = {24616491}, keywords = {persuasion, physical appearance}, pages = {4427--4431} } Robb, Alicia M., and John Watson. 2012. “Gender Differences in Firm New Venture Performance: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 9 (5):544–58371–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.0020883-9026(94)90013-2. @article{robb_gender_2012cooper_initial_1994, title = {Gender differences in firm Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance: {Evidence} from new ventures in the {United} {States}}, volume = {279},

shorttitle = {Gender differences in firm performance}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S08839026110008750883902694900132}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.0020883-9026(94)90013-2}, abstract = {Prior studies examining This research seeks to predict the performance of female- and male-owned firms have generally reported new ventures based on factors that female-owned firms underperform malecan be observed at the time of start-owned firmsup. However, it is conceivable that Indicators of initial human and financial capital are considered to determine how they bear upon the probability of three possible performance measures used outcomes: (1) failure, (2) marginal survival, or (3) high growth. Four categories of initial human and financial capital are examined. General human capital, represented here by previous studies the entrepreneur's education, gender, and/or their inability race, may reflect the extent to control for key demographic differences may have contributed which the entrepreneur has had the opportunity to this findingdevelop relevant skills and contacts. For exampleManagement know-how, embodied in the entrepreneur or available through advisors or partners, few studies use size adjusted performance measures reflects management-specific skills and yet we knowledge, without regard to the kind of business. Industry-specific know that female-owned firms tend to be smaller than their male counterpartshow reflects specific experience in similar businesses. Similarly, risk Financial capital is typically not considered even though evidence suggests that women tend to be one of the most visible resources; it can create a buffer against random shocks and allow the pursuit of more risk averse than mencapital-intensive strategies, which are better protected from imitation. We use The study utilizes a longitudinal (five-year) database study of more than 4000 1053 new ventures that began operations in the U.S. in 2004 to determine whether potential differences in the performances , representative of female- and male-owned firms disappear when appropriate performance measures are used all industry sectors and important demographic differences are controlled for in the modelsgeographical regions. The research departs from most previous studies in considering different measures of performance measures we examine include: 4-year closure rates; return on assets (ROA); marginal survival and a risk-adjusted measure (Sharpe ratiogrowth). Univariate test results confirm our expectation (based on both liberal and social feminist theory) that there is no difference in considering explicitly whether the performance factors contributing to marginal survival differ from those contributing to high growth. It was found that measures of female- general human capital influenced both survival and malegrowth (except for gender, with women-owned new ventures provided performance is appropriately measured. Furtherbeing less likely to grow, these results are supported by our multivariate analyses, which control for demographic differences such but just as industrylikely to survive). Management know-how variables had more limited impact. Having parents who had owned a business contributed to marginal survival, experience and hours workedbut not to growth. Our findings should be Number of interest partners contributed to growth but not to researcherssurvival. Management level, financiersprior employment in non-profit organizations or not having been in the labor force, and the use of professional advisors did not have significant effects. Industry-specific know-how contributed to both survival and policy makersgrowth. Perhaps more importantly, our findings should Amount of initial financial capital also ensure contributed to both. The usefulness of the model is enhanced by the fact that women who the resource variables considered are contemplating starting relatively easy to assess and all can be considered at the time of start-up. Although some of the human capital variables cannot easily be changed, the benefits or risks associated with each can be assessed. In some cases, potential problems can be identified so that plans can be modified to improve prospects. Overall it appears that, using a new model based upon the initial human and financial capital of the venture are not discouraged from doing so by a false belief that , it is possible to predict the performance of new ventures initiated by women are less likely to succeed than those initiated by menwith some degree of confidence.},

author = {RobbCooper, Alicia MArnold C. and WatsonGimeno-Gascon, JohnF. Javier and Woo, Carolyn Y.},

year = {2012}, keywords = {Gender, Firm performance, New ventures}, pages = {544--558} } Lins, Elmar, and Eva Lutz. 2016. “Bridging the Gender Funding Gap: Do Female Entrepreneurs Have Equal Access to Venture Capital?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27 (2–3):347–65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993. @article{lins_bridging_2016, title = {Bridging the gender funding gap: do female entrepreneurs have equal access to venture capital?}, volume = {27}, issn = {1476-1297}, shorttitle = {Bridging the gender funding gap}, url = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, doi = {10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, abstract = {In this study, we examine whether access to venture capital for female entrepreneurs is more constrained than for their male counterparts, taking into account their educational background and innovativeness. We use an econometric approach to analyse gender differences in gaining access to external equity capital, based on data of 3,137 German new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009. Our results emphasise a gender gap with respect to external equity funding. We find that female entrepreneurs receive less venture capital than male entrepreneurs do. This effect is particularly strong in the case of entrepreneurs with university degrees and entrepreneurial projects with high research and development activity.}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business}, author = {Lins, Elmar and Lutz, Eva}, month = jan, year = {20161994}, pages = {347371--365395}

GompersLins, Paul A., Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily WeisburstElmar, and Yuhai XuanEva Lutz. 20142016. “Gender Effects in “Bridging the Gender Funding Gap: Do Female Entrepreneurs Have Equal Access to Venture Capital.?” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2445497. Rochester, NYInternational Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27 (2–3): Social Science Research Network347–65. https://papersdoi.ssrnorg/10.com1504/abstract=2445497IJESB.2016.073993. @techreportarticle{gompers_gender_2014lins_bridging_2016, address title = {Rochester, NYBridging the gender funding gap: do female entrepreneurs have equal access to venture capital?}, type volume = {{SSRN27} , issn = {Scholarly} {Paper}1476-1297}, title shorttitle = {Gender {Effects} in {Venture} {Capital}Bridging the gender funding gap}, url = {https://paperswww.ssrninderscienceonline.com/abstractdoi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, doi =2445497{10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, abstract = {We explore gender differences in performance in a comprehensive sample of In this study, we examine whether access to venture capital investments in the United States. We find that for female venture capitalists significantly underperform entrepreneurs is more constrained than for their male colleagues controlling for personal characteristics including employment counterparts, taking into account their educational background and educational history as well as the characteristics of the portfolio companies in which they investinnovativeness. When we examine their performance We use an econometric approach to analyse gender differencesin gaining access to external equity capital, we find that the difference results from a lack based on data of contribution by the male colleagues within their firms3,137 German new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009. We explore the mechanism for this lack of contribution from male colleagues in Our results emphasise a large sample survey of female venture capitalists and in detailed one-on-one interviewsgender gap with respect to external equity funding. We find support for the notion that formal feedback mechanisms and hierarchies are useful in ameliorating the female performance gapentrepreneurs receive less venture capital than male entrepreneurs do. Female venture capitalists find gender bias in informal mentoring systems as well as This effect is particularly strong in the attitude case of entrepreneurswith university degrees and entrepreneurial projects with high research and development activity.}, language = {en}, number = {ID 24454972-3},

institution journal = {Social Science Research NetworkInternational Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business}, author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Mukharlyamov, Vladimir and WeisburstLins, Emily Elmar and XuanLutz, YuhaiEva}, month = mayjan, year = {20142016}, keywords pages = {Emily Weisburst, Gender Effects in Venture Capital, Paul A. Gompers, SSRN, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Yuhai Xuan347--365}