American Conservatism

McNair Project

American Conservatism
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Project Title	American Conservatism
Owner	Anne Dayton
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Summary

American conservatism began to get sustained attention from academic historians after Alan Brinkley's 1994 article "the Problem of American Conservatism." Brinkley argued that since historians were generally unsympathetic to conservatism, they tended to ignore conservative movements and thinkers, characterizing conservatives as reactionaries on the wrong side of a progressive historical narrative. Brinkley's article inspired a generation of historians to take conservatism seriously. Zelizer (2010) is a review essay of work inspired by Brikley's article. Kazin's (1992) review article shows that serious study of U.S. conservatism predates Brinkley's article.

Genovese (1932-2012) a historian of the American South and American slavery, was best known for Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1974), which won the Bancroft Prize in 1975. Originally a Marxist who applied Antonio Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony to slavery, Genovese became a conservative while researching 'The Southern Tradition: The Achievement and Limitations of an American Conservatism' (1994), included in this bibliography. In The Southern Tradition, Genovese examines the Southern agrarians who he came to admire. Per Wikipedia on August 1, 2017, "The Southern Agrarians, [Genovese] noted, also posed a challenge to modern American conservatives who have a mistaken belief in market capitalism's compatibility with traditional social values and family structures. Genovese agreed with the Agrarians in concluding that capitalism destroyed those institutions."

Hofstader (1964) is a classic examination of fringe groups and conspiracy theories that uses the example of 19th century groups opposed to changes in monetary policy. Hofstadter was inspired by Goldwater's selection as the Republican presidential candidate in 1964.

Himmelstein (1992) and Schoenwald (2001) are both political histories of mid to late 20th-century American conservatism. Farmer (2005) takes this back to the Puritans. Farber (2010) prematurely(?) sees American conservatism as in decline. Lowndes (2008) argues that modern American conservatism grow out of an alliance between northern conservatives and southern segregationists.

Nash (2017) is a manifesto about the future of American conservatism. I may move this piece to be with Brooks on the free enterprise page.

McGirr (2015) and Nickerson (2009) are a social histories of mid 20th-century conservatism in southern California. Williamson, Skopal, and Coggin (2011) is a sociological study of the emergence of the tea Party with participant observer research in Massachusetts.

Stewart (2017) led me to research James W. Fitfield, Jr., a Congregationalist minister who "set about convincing America’s Protestant clergy that America was a Christian nation in which government must be kept from interfering with the expression of God’s will in market economics." Toy (1970) is a history of Fitfield's spiritual mobilization movement. Harvey (1971) discusses the tensions between Fitfield's congregation and its parent denomination.The other articles in this subsection are from publications Rice does not subscribe to.

History of American Conservatism

Zelizer, Julian E. 2010. “Reflections: Rethinking the History of American Conservatism.” Reviews in American History 38 (2): 367–92. doi:10.1353/rah.0.0217.

@article{zelizer_reflections:_2010, title = {Reflections: {Rethinking} the {History} of {American} {Conservatism}}, volume = {38}, issn = {1080-6628}, shorttitle = {Reflections}, url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/382920 }, doi = {10.1353/rah.0.0217}, abstract = {In 1994, the Columbia historian Alan Brinkley stimulated an intense debate within the historical profession when he published an article in the American Historical Review that focused on the history of American conservatism. Brinkley argued that historians had not devoted sufficient attention to the evolution of conservatism in contemporary politics. Historians, he said, had treated conservatism as a marginal, irrational, or irrelevant force ...}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {Reviews in American History}, author = {Zelizer, Julian E.}, month = jun, year = {2010}, pages = {367--392}, file = {Full Text PDF:files/118/Zelizer - 2010 - Reflections Rethinking the History of American Co.pdf:application/pdf} }

Brinkley, Alan. 1994. “The Problem of American Conservatism.” The American Historical Review 99 (2): 409–29. doi:10.2307/2167281.

This article led a generation of historians to seriously examine American conservatism.

@article{brinkley_problem_1994, title = {The {Problem} of {American} {Conservatism}}, volume = {99}, issn = {0002-8762}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2167281 }, doi = {10.2307/2167281}, abstract = {IT WILL NOT, I SUSPECT, BE A VERY CONTROVERSIAL CLAIM to say that twentieth- century American conservatism has been something of an orphan in historical scholarship. Historians have written books and articles about modern conservatism, of course, some of them quite good. In recent years, moreover, both the quantity and the quality of scholarship on the subject has markedly increased. Even so, it would be hard to argue that the}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {The American Historical Review}, author = {Brinkley, Alan}, year = {1994}, pages = {409--429} }

Farber, David. 2010. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History. Princeton University Press.

@book{farber_rise_2010, title = {The {Rise} and {Fall} of {Modern} {American} {Conservatism}: {A} {Short} {History}}, isbn = {978-0-691-12915-0}, shorttitle = {The {Rise} and {Fall} of {Modern} {American} {Conservatism}}, abstract = {The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism tells the gripping story of perhaps the most significant political force of our time through the lives and careers of six leading figures at the heart of the movement. David Farber traces the history of modern conservatism from its revolt against New Deal liberalism, to its breathtaking resurgence under Ronald Reagan, to its spectacular defeat with the election of Barack Obama. Farber paints vivid portraits of Robert Taft, William F. Buckley Jr., Barry Goldwater, Phyllis Schlafly, Ronald Reagan, and George W. Bush. He shows how these outspoken, charismatic, and frequently controversial conservative leaders were united by a shared insistence on the primacy of social order, national security, and economic liberty. Farber demonstrates how they built a versatile movement capable of gaining and holding power, from Taft's opposition to the New Deal to Buckley's founding of the National Review as the intellectual standard-bearer of modern conservatism; from Goldwater's crusade against leftist politics and his failed 1964 bid for the presidency to Schlafly's rejection of feminism in favor of traditional gender roles and family values; and from Reagan's city upon a hill to conservatism's downfall with Bush's ambitious presidency. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism provides rare insight into how conservatives captured the American political imagination by claiming moral superiority, downplaying economic inequality, relishing bellicosity, and embracing nationalism. This concise and accessible history reveals how these conservative leaders discovered a winning formula that enabled them to forge a powerful and formidable political majority.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Farber, David}, month = apr, year = {2010}, note = {Google-Books-ID: fowchtcWW9AC}, keywords = {History / Modern / 20th Century, History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / History \& Theory, Political Science / Political Ideologies / Conservatism \& Liberalism} }

Himmelstein, Jerome L. 1992. To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism. University of California Press.

@book{himmelstein_right:_1992, title = {To the {Right}: {The} {Transformation} of {American} {Conservatism}}, isbn = {978-0-520-08042-3}, shorttitle = {To the {Right}}, abstract = {In this important book, Jerome Himmelstein offers a new interpretation of the growth of conservatism in American politics. Tracing the New Right of the 1970s and 1980s back to the Old Right of the 1950s, Himmelstein provides an interpretive map of the political landscape over those decades, showing how conservatives ascended to power by reconstructing their ideology and building an independent movement.}, language = {en}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {Himmelstein, Jerome L.}, year = {1992}, note = {Google-Books-ID: J6YZuHHCu6MC}, keywords = {Political Science / General, Political Science / Political Process / General, Political Science / Public Policy / General, Social Science / Sociology / General} }

Genovese, Eugene D. 1994. The Southern Tradition: The Achievement and Limitations of an American Conservatism. Harvard University Press.

Genovese is a former Marxist who became a conservative.

@book{genovese_southern_1994, title = {The {Southern} {Tradition}: {The} {Achievement} and {Limitations} of an {American} {Conservatism}}, isbn = {978-0-674-82527-7}, shorttitle = {The {Southern} {Tradition}}, abstract = {In recent years American conservatism has found a new voice, a new way of picking up the political pieces left in the wake of liberal policies. But what seems innovative, Eugene Genovese shows us, may in fact have very old roots. Tracing a certain strain of conservatism to its sources in a rich southern tradition, his book introduces a revealing perspective on the politics of our day. As much a work of political and moral philosophy as one of history, The Southern Tradition is based on the intellectual journey of one of the most influential historians of the late twentieth century.To appreciate the tradition of southern conservatism, Genovese tells us, we must first understand the relation of southern thought to politics. Toward this end, he presents a historical overview that identifies the tenets, sensibilities, and attitudes of the southern-conservative world view. With these conditions in mind, he considers such political and constitutional issues as state rights, concurrent majority, and the nature and locus of political power in a constitutional republic. Of special interest are the southern-conservative critiques of equality and democracy, and of the Leviathan state in its liberal, socialist, and fascist forms. Genovese examines these critiques in light of the specific concept of property that has been central to southern social and political thought.Not only does this book illuminate a political tradition grounded in the writings of John Randolph and John C. Calhoun, but it shows how this lineage has been augmented by powerful literary figures such as Allen Tate, Lewis Simpson, and Robert Penn Warren. Genovese here reconstitutes the historical canon, re-envisions the strengths and weaknesses of the conservative tradition, and broadens the spectrum of political debate for our time.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, author = {Genovese, Eugene D.}, year = {1994}, note = {Google-Books-ID: FbShW1BndRkC}, keywords = {History / General, History / United States / General, Philosophy / Ethics \& Moral Philosophy, Political Science / Political Process / General} }

Farmer, Brian R. 2005. American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Press.

@book{farmer_american_2005, title = {American {Conservatism}: {History}, {Theory} and {Practice}}, isbn = {978-1-904303-54-1}, shorttitle = {American {Conservatism}}, abstract = {American Conservatism: History, Theory, and Practice from Brian R. Farmer is a history of conservatism in the United States that illuminates the odyssey of American conservatism beginning with the Pilgrims and Puritans of the early colonial period and proceeding through the Revolutionary era, the Antebellum period, the Age of Laissez-Faire, Post-Depression Conservatism, the Reagan Era, and concluding with the ideologies and policies of the George W. Bush Administration, arguably the most ideologically driven conservative administration in American history. Conservatism in general and the multiple facets of conservatism are defined, and the political socialization process that produces and perpetuates political ideologies in general and conservatism in particular are presented, to lay the groundwork for the rich history of American people, policies, and events that have surrounded those conservative ideologies that follows. Farmer provides a tool for those interested in American Politics in general and American conservatism in particular with a tool that helps explain the historical development of American ideological conservatism, both in a theoretical sense, and in a policy sense, and thus draws a connection between the American past and what must be considered an exceptional conservative American administration, even by American standards, under George W. Bush. Farmer illustrates that the basic ideological underpinnings that have driven the Bush administration that have generally been viewed by Europeans as exceptional, have been present in American politics since its earliest colonial beginnings with the Puritans and been carried forward by the ideological descendants of the Puritans from that time through the present. In essence, the form of American conservative exceptionalism exhibited during the Bush administration was present in American politics from the very beginning and has continued through the present, albeit in a more extreme form since the traditional ideological conservatives currently dominate all three branches of the American government and the terror attacks of 9/11 allowed them to garner popular support for their exceptional programs.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Cambridge Scholars Press}, author = {Farmer, Brian R.}, year = {2005}, note = {Google-Books-ID: bRHo\_n\_XZNkC}, keywords = {Political Science / General} }

Schoenwald, Jonathan. 2001. A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism. Oxford University Press.

@book{schoenwald_time_2001, title = {A {Time} for {Choosing}: {The} {Rise} of {Modern} {American} {Conservatism}}, isbn = {978-0-19-803078-2}, shorttitle = {A {Time} for {Choosing}}, abstract = {How did American conservatism, little more than a collection of loosely related beliefs in the late 1940s and early 1950s, become a coherent political and social force in the 1960s? What political strategies originating during the decade enabled the modern conservative movement to flourish? And how did mainstream and extremist conservatives, frequently at odds over tactics and ideology, each play a role in reshaping the Republican Party? In the 1960s conservatives did nothing less than engineer their own revolution. A Time for Choosing tells the remarkable story behind this transformation. In the first decade after World War II, two broad branches of organized conservatism emerged: mainstream or electoral conservatism and extremist conservatism. By the end of the 1950s, both groups had grown dissatisfied with the Republican party, yet they disagreed about how to create political change. Looking to private organizations as a means of exerting influence, extremists tapped the reserves of conservative discontent and formed maverick factions such as the John Birch Society. Mainstream conservatives, on the other hand, attempted to capture the GOP, seeking reform through the electoral and party systems. They "drafted" Barry Goldwater as their presidential candidate in 1964, and though he suffered a devastating defeat, the campaign electrified millions of Americans. Four years later, American conservatism, a perennial underdog in national politics, was firmly in the ascent. A Time for Choosing, making unprecedented use of archival material to document the strategies and influence of grassroots citizens' groups, provides the fullest picture yet of the way conservatism's two cultures combined to build a triumphant political movement from the ground up. Where previous accounts of conservatism's rise tend to speed from 1964 through the start of the Reagan era in 1980, A Time for Choosing explores in dramatic detail how conservatives took immediate action following the Goldwater debacle. William F. Buckley, Jr.'s 1965 bid for Mayor of New York City and Reagan's 1966 California governor's campaign helped turn the tide for electoral conservatism. By decade's end, independent "splinter groups" vied for the right to bear the conservative standard into the next decade, demonstrating the movement's strength and vitality. Although conservative ideology was not created during the 1960s, its political components were. Here, then, is the story of the rise of the modern conservative movement. Provocative and beautifully written, A Time for Choosing is a book for anyone interested in politics and history in the postwar era.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Schoenwald, Jonathan}, month = aug, year = {2001}, note = {Google-Books-ID: uPZXEkMA0qQC}, keywords = {History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / History \& Theory, Political Science / Political Ideologies / Conservatism \& Liberalism} }

Lowndes, Joseph E. 2008. From the New Deal to the New Right: Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism. Yale University Press.

@book{lowndes_new_2008, title = {From the {New} {Deal} to the {New} {Right}: {Race} and the {Southern} {Origins} of {Modern} {Conservatism}}, isbn = {978-0-300-14828-2}, shorttitle = {From the {New} {Deal} to the {New} {Right}}, abstract = {The role the South has played in contemporary conservatism is perhaps the most consequential political phenomenon of the second half of the twentieth century. The regions transition from Democratic stronghold to Republican base has frequently been viewed as a recent occurrence, one that largely stems from a 1960s-era backlash against left-leaning social movements. But as Joseph Lowndes argues in this book, this rightward shift was not necessarily a natural response by alienated whites, but rather the result of the long-term development of an alliance between Southern segregationists and Northern conservatives, two groups who initially shared little beyond opposition to specific New Deal imperatives. Lowndes focuses his narrative on the formative period between the end of the Second World War and the Nixon years. By looking at the 1948 Dixiecrat Revolt, the presidential campaigns of George Wallace, and popular representations of the region, he shows the many ways in which the South changed during these decades. Lowndes traces how a new alliance began to emerge by further examining the pages of the National Review and Republican party-building efforts in the South during the campaigns of Eisenhower, Goldwater, and Nixon. The unique characteristics of American conservatism were forged in the crucible of race relations in the South, he argues, and his analysis of party-building efforts, national institutions, and the innovations of particular political actors provides a keen look into the ideology of modern conservatism and the Republican Party.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {Lowndes, Joseph E.}, month = oct, year = {2008}, note = {Google-Books-ID: bp15\_FjIadgC}, keywords = {History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / American Government / General, Political Science / Political Ideologies / Conservatism \& Liberalism, Political Science / Political Process / Political Parties, Social Science / Discrimination \& Race Relations} }

Williamson, Vanessa, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin. 2011. “The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism.” Perspectives on Politics 9 (1): 25–43. doi:10.1017/S153759271000407X.

@article{williamson_tea_2011, title = {The {Tea} {Party} and the {Remaking} of {Republican} {Conservatism}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1541-0986, 1537-5927}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/tea-party-and-the-remaking-of-republican-conservatism/BDF68005B52758A48F7EC07086C3788C }, doi = {10.1017/S153759271000407X}, abstract = {In the aftermath of a potentially demoralizing 2008 electoral defeat, when the Republican Party seemed widely discredited, the emergence of the Tea Party provided conservative activists with a new identity funded by Republican business elites and reinforced by a network of conservative media sources. Untethered from recent GOP baggage and policy specifics, the Tea Party energized disgruntled white middle-class conservatives and garnered widespread attention, despite stagnant or declining favorability ratings among the general public. As participant observation and interviews with Massachusetts activists reveal, Tea Partiers are not monolithically hostile toward government; they distinguish between programs perceived as going to hard-working contributors to US society like themselves and “handouts” perceived as going to unworthy or freeloading people. During 2010, Tea Party activism reshaped many GOP primaries and enhanced voter turnout, but achieved a mixed record in the November general election. Activism may well continue to influence dynamics in Congress and GOP presidential primaries. Even if the Tea Party eventually subsides, it has undercut Obama's presidency, revitalized conservatism, and pulled the national Republican Party toward the far right.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {Perspectives on Politics}, author = {Williamson, Vanessa and Skocpol, Theda and Coggin, John}, month = mar, year = {2011}, pages = {25--43}, file = {Full Text PDF:files/134/Williamson et al. - 2011 - The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conse.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/135/BDF68005B52758A48F7EC07086C3788C.html:text/html} }

Nash, George. 2017. “Reappraising the Right: The Past and Future of American Conservatism.” The Heritage Foundation. Accessed July 20.

@misc{nash_reappraising_nodate, title = {Reappraising the {Right}: {The} {Past} and {Future} of {American} {Conservatism}}, shorttitle = {Reappraising the {Right}}, url = {/political-process/report/reappraising-the-right-the-past-and-future-american-conservatism }, abstract = {Abstract: What do conservatives want? To be free, to live virtuous and productive lives, to be secure from threats beyond and within our borders, and to live in a society that sustains and encourages these aspirations: freedom, virtue, safety--goals reflected in the libertarian, traditionalist, and national security dimensions of the conservative movement and coalition. But to achieve these perennial goals, conservatives must communicate in language that connects with the great majority of the American people in all stations of life.}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {The Heritage Foundation}, author = {Nash, George}, file = {Snapshot:files/137/reappraising-the-right-the-past-and-future-american-conservatism.html:text/html} }

Kazin, Michael. 1992. “The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century.” Edited by Leonard J. Moore, Kathleen M. Blee, Jerome L. Himmelstein, Ronald P. Formisano, and Rebecca E. Klatch. The American Historical Review 97 (1): 136–55. doi:10.2307/2164542.

Review article

@article{kazin_grass-roots_1992, title = {The {Grass}-{Roots} {Right}: {New} {Histories} of {U}.{S}. {Conservatism} in the {Twentieth} {Century}}, volume = {97}, issn = {0002-8762}, shorttitle = {The {Grass}-{Roots} {Right}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2164542 }, doi = {10.2307/2164542}, abstract = {HISTORIANS, LIKE MOST PEOPLE, ARE RELUCTANT TO SYMPATHIZE with people whose political opinions they detest. Overwhelmingly cosmopolitan in their cultural tastes and liberal or radical in their politics, scholars of modern America have largely eschewed research projects about past movements that seem to them either bastions of a crumbling status quo or the domain of puritanical, pathological yahoos. Thus, over a decade after ...}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {The American Historical Review}, author = {Kazin, Michael}, editor = {Moore, Leonard J. and Blee, Kathleen M. and Himmelstein, Jerome L. and Formisano, Ronald P. and Klatch, Rebecca E.}, year = {1992}, pages = {136--155} }

McGirr, Lisa. 2015. Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right. Princeton University Press.

@book{mcgirr_suburban_2015, title = {Suburban {Warriors}: {The} {Origins} of the {New} {American} {Right}}, isbn = {978-1-4008-6620-5}, shorttitle = {Suburban {Warriors}}, abstract = {In the early 1960s, American conservatives seemed to have fallen on hard times. McCarthyism was on the run, and movements on the political left were grabbing headlines. The media lampooned John Birchers's accusations that Dwight Eisenhower was a communist puppet. Mainstream America snickered at warnings by California Congressman James B. Utt that "barefooted Africans" were training in Georgia to help the United Nations take over the country. Yet, in Utt's home district of Orange County, thousands of middle-class suburbanites proceeded to organize a powerful conservative movement that would land Ronald Reagan in the White House and redefine the spectrum of acceptable politics into the next century. Suburban Warriors introduces us to these people: women hosting coffee klatches for Barry Goldwater in their tract houses; members of anticommunist reading groups organizing against sex education; pro-life Democrats gradually drawn into conservative circles; and new arrivals finding work in defense companies and a sense of community in Orange County's mushrooming evangelical churches. We learn what motivated them and how they interpreted their political activity. Lisa McGirr shows that their movement was not one of marginal people suffering from status anxiety, but rather one formed by successful entrepreneurial types with modern lifestyles and bright futures. She describes how these suburban pioneers created new political and social philosophies anchored in a fusion of Christian fundamentalism, xenophobic nationalism, and western libertarianism. While introducing these rank-and-file activists, McGirr chronicles Orange County's rise from "nut country" to political vanguard. Through this history, she traces the evolution of the New Right from a virulent anticommunist, anti-establishment fringe to a broad national movement nourished by evangelical Protestantism. Her original contribution to the social history of politics broadens—and often upsets—our understanding of the deep and tenacious roots of popular conservatism in America.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {McGirr, Lisa}, month = jun, year = {2015}, note = {Google-Books-ID: JPJnBgAAQBAJ}, keywords = {History / Americas (North, Central, South, West Indies), History / Modern / 20th Century, History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / General, Political Science / History \& Theory} }

Hofstadter, Richard. 2012. The Paranoid Style in American Politics. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Citation is reprint of 1964 classic.

@book{hofstadter_paranoid_2012, title = {The {Paranoid} {Style} in {American} {Politics}}, isbn = {978-0-307-80968-1}, abstract = {This timely reissue of Richard Hofstadter's classic work on the fringe groups that influence American electoral politics offers an invaluable perspective on contemporary domestic affairs.In The Paranoid Style in American Politics, acclaimed historian Richard Hofstadter examines the competing forces in American political discourse and how fringe groups can influence — and derail — the larger agendas of a political party. He investigates the politics of the irrational, shedding light on how the behavior of individuals can seem out of proportion with actual political issues, and how such behavior impacts larger groups. With such other classic essays as “Free Silver and the Mind of 'Coin' Harvey” and “What Happened to the Antitrust Movement?, ” The Paranoid Style in American Politics remains both a seminal text of political history and a vital analysis of the ways in which political groups function in the United States.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}, author = {Hofstadter, Richard}, month = jan, year = {2012}, note = {Google-Books-ID: XcLSoljnmBcC}, keywords = {Political Science / American Government / General, Political Science / History \& Theory, Political Science / Political Process / General} }

Nickerson, Michelle. 2009. “Politically Desperate Housewives: Women and Conservatism in Postwar Los Angeles.” California History 86 (3): 4–67. doi:10.2307/40495217.

@article{nickerson_politically_2009, title = {Politically {Desperate} {Housewives}: {Women} and {Conservatism} in {Postwar} {Los} {Angeles}}, volume = {86}, issn = {0162-2897}, shorttitle = {Politically {Desperate} {Housewives}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40495217 }, doi = {10.2307/40495217}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {California History}, author = {Nickerson, Michelle}, year = {2009}, pages = {4--67} }

James W. Fitfield, Jr.

Stewart, Katherine. 2017. “Opinion | What the ‘Government Schools’ Critics Really Mean.” The New York Times, July 31, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/opinion/donald-trump-school-choice-criticism.html.

This op ed led me to research Fitfield.

@article{stewart_opinion_2017, chapter = {Opinion}, title = {Opinion {\textbar} {What} the ‘{Government} {Schools}’ {Critics} {Really} {Mean}}, issn = {0362-4331}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/opinion/donald-trump-school-choice-criticism.html }, abstract = {The roots of the phrase lie not in libertarian economics but in Confederate rebellion.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Stewart, Katherine}, month = jul, year = {2017}, keywords = {Budgets and Budgeting, Christians and Christianity, Conservatism (US Politics), DeVos, Elizabeth (1958- ), Discrimination, Education, Friedman, Milton, Libertarianism (US Politics), Race and Ethnicity, Religion and Belief, Segregation and Desegregation, Southern States (US), Trump, Donald J, United States, United States Politics and Government, Vouchers}, file = {Snapshot:files/173/donald-trump-school-choice-criticism.html:text/html} }

Toy, Eckard V. 1970. “Spiritual Mobilization: The Failure of an Ultraconservative Ideal in the 1950’ S.” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 61 (2): 77–86.

@article{toy_spiritual_1970, title = {Spiritual {Mobilization}: {The} {Failure} of an {Ultraconservative} {Ideal} in the 1950' s}, volume = {61}, issn = {0030-8803}, shorttitle = {Spiritual {Mobilization}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40488759 }, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {The Pacific Northwest Quarterly}, author = {Toy, Eckard V.}, year = {1970}, pages = {77--86} }

Haddigan, Lee. 2010. “The Importance of Christian Thought for the American Libertarian Movement: Christian Libertarianism, 1950-71.” Libertarian Papers 2: 1.

@article{haddigan_importance_2010, title = {The {Importance} of {Christian} {Thought} for the {American} {Libertarian} {Movement}: {Christian} {Libertarianism}, 1950-71}, volume = {2}, shorttitle = {The {Importance} of {Christian} {Thought} for the {American} {Libertarian} {Movement}}, url = {http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/libpa2&id=219&div=&collection= }, journal = {Libertarian Papers}, author = {Haddigan, Lee}, year = {2010}, pages = {1}, file = {The Importance of Christian Thought for the American Libertarian Movement\: Christian Libertarianism, 1950-71 2 Libertarian Papers 2010:files/185/LandingPage.html:text/html} }

HARVEY, CHARLES E. 1971. “Dr. Fifield of Los Angeles’ First Congregational Church Against the Ecumenical Movement.” Southern California Quarterly 53 (1): 67–82. doi:10.2307/41170332.

@article{harvey_dr._1971, title = {Dr. {Fifield} of {Los} {Angeles}' {First} {Congregational} {Church} {Against} the {Ecumenical} {Movement}}, volume = {53}, issn = {0038-3929}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41170332 }, doi = {10.2307/41170332}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {Southern California Quarterly}, author = {HARVEY, CHARLES E.}, year = {1971}, pages = {67--82} }

Harvey, Charles E. 1970. “Congregationalism on Trial, 1949-1950: An Account of the Cadman Case.” Journal of Church and State 12: 255.

@article{harvey_congregationalism_1970, title = {Congregationalism on {Trial}, 1949-1950: {An} {Account} of the {Cadman} {Case}}, volume = {12}, shorttitle = {Congregationalism on {Trial}, 1949-1950}, url = {http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jchs12&id=263&div=&collection= }, journal = {Journal of Church and State}, author = {Harvey, Charles E.}, year = {1970}, pages = {255}, file = {Congregationalism on Trial, 1949-1950\: An Account of the Cadman Case 12 Journal of Church and State 1970:files/191/LandingPage.html:text/html} }

Kruse, Kevin. 2016. One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America. Basic Books.

@book{kruse_one_2016, title = {One {Nation} {Under} {God}: {How} {Corporate} {America} {Invented} {Christian} {America}}, isbn = {978-0-465-09741-8}, shorttitle = {One {Nation} {Under} {God}}, abstract = {We're often told that the United States is, was, and always has been a Christian nation. But in One Nation Under God, historian Kevin M. Kruse reveals that the belief that America is fundamentally and formally Christian originated in the 1930s.To fight the “slavery” of FDR's New Deal, businessmen enlisted religious activists in a campaign for “freedom under God” that culminated in the election of their ally Dwight Eisenhower in 1952. The new president revolutionized the role of religion in American politics. He inaugurated new traditions like the National Prayer Breakfast, as Congress added the phrase “under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance and made “In God We Trust” the country's first official motto. Church membership soon soared to an all-time high of 69 percent. Americans across the religious and political spectrum agreed that their country was “one nation under God.”Provocative and authoritative, One Nation Under God reveals how an unholy alliance of money, religion, and politics created a false origin story that continues to define and divide American politics to this day.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Basic Books}, author = {Kruse, Kevin}, month = may, year = {2016}, note = {Google-Books-ID: rQbTDQAAQBAJ}, keywords = {History / United States / 20th Century, Political Science / Political Ideologies / Conservatism \& Liberalism, Religion / Religion, Politics \& State} }

Book reviews of One Nation Under God & Interview with Krause

Ferré, John P. 2016. “One Nation under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America.” Journalism History 41 (4): 233.

@article{ferre_one_2016, title = {One {Nation} under {God}: {How} {Corporate} {America} {Invented} {Christian} {America}}, volume = {41}, issn = {0094-7679}, shorttitle = {One {Nation} under {God}}, url = {https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3955648731/one-nation-under-god-how-corporate-america-invented }, abstract = {Kruse, Kevin M. One Nation under God How Corporate America Invented Christian America. New York...}, language = {eng}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {Journalism History}, author = {Ferré, John P.}, month = jan, year = {2016}, pages = {233}, file = {Snapshot:files/187/one-nation-under-god-how-corporate-america-invented.html:text/html} }

Kazin, Michael. 2015. “‘One Nation Under God,’ by Kevin M. Kruse.” The New York Times, May 15, sec. Sunday Book Review. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/books/review/one-nation-under-god-by-kevin-m-kruse.html.

@article{kazin_one_2015, chapter = {Sunday Book Review}, title = {‘{One} {Nation} {Under} {God},’ by {Kevin} {M}. {Kruse}}, issn = {0362-4331}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/books/review/one-nation-under-god-by-kevin-m-kruse.html}, abstract = {A historian considers how and why Americans make such a conspicuous display of their faith.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2017-08-03}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Kazin, Michael}, month = may, year = {2015}, keywords = {Books and Literature, Kruse, Kevin M (1972- ), One Nation Under God (Book), Religion and Belief}, file = {Snapshot:files/207/one-nation-under-god-by-kevin-m-kruse.html:text/html} }

Hart, D. G. 2015. “The World Ike Wrought.” Wall Street Journal, June 9, sec. Arts. http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-ike-wrought-1433891576.

@article{hart_world_2015, chapter = {Arts}, title = {The {World} {Ike} {Wrought}}, issn = {0099-9660}, url = {http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-ike-wrought-1433891576}, abstract = {D.G. Hart reviews “One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America” by Kevin M. Kruse.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2017-08-03}, journal = {Wall Street Journal}, author = {Hart, D. G.}, month = jun, year = {2015}, keywords = {arts, book reviews, books, community, entertainment, general news, political, religion, reviews, society}, file = {Snapshot:files/209/the-world-ike-wrought-1433891576.html:text/html} }

“How ‘One Nation’ Didn’t Become ‘Under God’ Until The ’50s Religious Revival.” 2017. NPR.org. Accessed August 3. http://www.npr.org/2015/03/30/396365659/how-one-nation-didnt-become-under-god-until-the-50s-religious-revival.

@misc{noauthor_how_nodate, title = {How '{One} {Nation}' {Didn}'t {Become} '{Under} {God}' {Until} {The} '50s {Religious} {Revival}}, url = {http://www.npr.org/2015/03/30/396365659/how-one-nation-didnt-become-under-god-until-the-50s-religious-revival}, abstract = {Kevin Kruse's book looks at how industrialists in the '30s and '40s recruited clergy to preach free enterprise. And under the Eisenhower administration, Christianity and capitalism moved center stage.}, urldate = {2017-08-03}, journal = {NPR.org}, file = {Snapshot:files/211/how-one-nation-didnt-become-under-god-until-the-50s-religious-revival.html:text/html} }

Kerstetter, Todd M. 2016. “<italic>One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America</Italic> by Kevin M. Kruse (Review).” Journal of Southern History 82 (3): 738–39. doi:10.1353/soh.2016.0242.

@article{kerstetter_<italic>one_2016, title = {{\textless}italic{\textgreater}{One} {Nation} {Under} {God}: {How} {Corporate} {America} {Invented} {Christian} {America}{\textless}/italic{\textgreater} by {Kevin} {M}. {Kruse} (review)}, volume = {82}, issn = {2325-6893}, shorttitle = {{\textless}italic{\textgreater}{One} {Nation} {Under} {God}}, url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/627074 }, doi = {10.1353/soh.2016.0242}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {Journal of Southern History}, author = {Kerstetter, Todd M.}, month = jul, year = {2016}, pages = {738--739}, file = {Full Text PDF:files/193/Kerstetter - 2016 - italicOne Nation Under God How Corporate Americ.pdf:application/pdf} }

Irving Kristol

Krugman, Paul. 2017. “Opinion | Who Ate Republicans’ Brains?” The New York Times, July 31, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/opinion/republicans-trumpcare-obamacare-lies.html.

@article{krugman_opinion_2017, chapter = {Opinion}, title = {Opinion {\textbar} {Who} {Ate} {Republicans}’ {Brains}?}, issn = {0362-4331}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/opinion/republicans-trumpcare-obamacare-lies.html }, abstract = {Four decades of intellectual and moral deterioration.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2017-07-31}, journal = {The New York Times}, author = {Krugman, Paul}, month = jul, year = {2017}, keywords = {Conservatism (US Politics), Graham, Lindsey, Health Insurance and Managed Care, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), Republican Party, Trump, Donald J, United States Politics and Government}, file = {Snapshot:files/175/republicans-trumpcare-obamacare-lies.html:text/html} }

Kristol, Irving. 1995. Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. Simon and Schuster.

@book{kristol_neoconservatism:_1995, title = {Neoconservatism: {The} {Autobiography} of an {Idea}}, isbn = {978-0-02-874021-8}, shorttitle = {Neoconservatism}, abstract = {Neoconservatism is the movement that has provided the intellectual foundation for the resurgence of American conservatism in our time. And if neoconservatism can be said to have a father or an architect, that person is Irving Kristol.Neoconservatism is the most comprehensive selection of Kristol's influential writings on politics and economics, as well as the best of his now-famous essays on society, religion, culture, literature, education, and - above all - the "values" issues that have come to define the neo-conservative critique of contemporary life.These essays provide an unparalleled insight into the 50-year development of Kristol's social and political ideas, from an uneasy socialism tempered with religious orthodoxy, to a vigilant optimism about the future of the American experiment. Those already familiar with Kristol's work will especially enjoy the new autobiographical essay that introduces this volume; it is sprinkled with personal recollections about such luminaries as Lionel Trilling, Leo Strauss, Saul Bellow, Sidney Hook, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and historian Gertrude Himmelfarb (who is also Mrs. Kristol). Those relatively new to Kristol's writings will be treated to some of the most lucid, insightful, entertaining, and intellectually challenging essays of our time.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Simon and Schuster}, author = {Kristol, Irving}, month = sep, year = {1995}, note = {Google-Books-ID: S2nUuTagIw8C}, keywords = {Political Science / General} }

Starr, Paul. 1995. “NOTHING NEO.” The New Republic, December 4.

@article{starr_nothing_1995, title = {{NOTHING} {NEO}}, abstract = {Review of Neoconservatism The Autobiography of an Idea Irving Kristol (The Free Press, 493 pp. \$25)}, journal = {The New Republic}, author = {Starr, Paul}, month = dec, year = {1995}, pages = {35--38}, file = {Nothing Neo book review.pdf:files/181/Nothing Neo book review.pdf:application/pdf } }