Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review

Project

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review
Project Information
Has title	Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review
Has owner	Ramee Saleh
Has start date	Spring 2017
Has deadline date
Has keywords	entrepreneurship, economic growth, innovation
Has project status	Complete
Has sponsor	McNair Center
Has project output	Content
Copyright © 2019 edegan.com. All Rights Reserved.

Below is a list of complete citations I have gathered for this project. I have broken them up by topic and those can be found on their respective pages. I have created the categories of General Entrepreneurship Citations, Innovation Citations, U.S. Specific Study Citations, American Regional Differences Study Citations, Venture Capital Policy Citations, and International or Comparative Study Citations.

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by David Audretsch, Max Keilbach, and Erik Lehmann

  @book{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-518351-1},
  abstract = {By serving as a conduit for knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship is the missing link between investments in new knowledge and economic growth. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship provides not just an explanation of why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent as the factor of knowledge has emerged as a crucial source for comparative advantage, but also why entrepreneurship plays a vital role in generating economic growth. Entrepreneurship is an important mechanism permeating the knowledge filter to facilitate the spill over of knowledge and ultimately generate economic growth.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press, USA},
  author = {Audretsch, David B. and Keilbach, Max C. and Lehmann, Erik E.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2006},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship},
  annote = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Erik\_Lehmann/publication/31845618\_Entrepreneurship\_and\_Economic\_Growth\_DB\_Audretsch\_MC\_Keilbach\_EE\_Lehmann/links/00b49528522209f258000000.pdf}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth by Randall Holcombe

  @article{holcombe_entrepreneurship_1998,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {1098-3708, 1936-4806},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12113-998-1008-1},
  doi = {10.1007/s12113-998-1008-1},
  language = {en},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-02-17},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics},
  author = {Holcombe, Randall G.},
  month = jun,
  year = {1998},
  pages = {45--62},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7J6IR3EH/s12113-998-1008-1.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth by William Baumol and Robert Strom

  @article{baumol_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {1932-443X},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.rice.edu/doi/10.1002/sej.26/abstract},
  doi = {10.1002/sej.26},
  abstract = {Entrepreneurs who focus on innovation in their products, their production techniques, and their markets play a key role in economic growth. The direction of their activity is guided by their goals: wealth, power, and prestige. Current institutions, shaped by history and government are critical in determining where entrepreneurs will find it most promising to direct their efforts, sometimes, but not always, benefiting the general welfare. One goal of good policy, therefore, is redesign of institutions so as to attract entrepreneurial activity to beneficial directions. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3-4},
  urldate = {2017-02-17},
  journal = {Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal},
  author = {Baumol, William J. and Strom, Robert J.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Economic Growth, economic growth, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, institutions, invention dissemination},
  pages = {233--237},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZEKWBRS2/Baumol and Strom - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7CKVMQBP/abstract.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Bert Hoselitz

  @article{hoselitz_entrepreneurship_1952,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {0002-9246},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3484612},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-17},
  journal = {The American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
  author = {Hoselitz, Bert F.},
  year = {1952},
  pages = {97--110},
  file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KUZ4CSTK/Hoselitz - 1952 - Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth.pdf:application/pdf}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Martin Carree and Roy Thurik

  @techreport{carree_entrepreneurship_2006,
  type = {Books},
  title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Growth}},
  url = {http://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/elgeebook/3673.htm},
  abstract = {This authoritative volume presents a collection of the most influential and important articles dealing with the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth and development. The collection covers a range of key issues through which entrepreneurial activity may influence economic progress.},
  urldate = {2017-02-17},
  institution = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
  author = {Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy},
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Business and Management},
  file = {RePEc Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/PPWPGWKD/3673.html:text/html}

Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Sander Wennekers and Roy Thurik

  @article{wennekers_linking_1999,
  title = {Linking {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008063200484},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1008063200484},
  abstract = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-17},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Wennekers, Sander and Thurik, Roy},
  month = aug,
  year = {1999},
  pages = {27--56},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CI5H2HK9/A1008063200484.html:text/html}

Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: A critique of the McClelland thesis by R. Scott

  @article{scott_need_1984,
  title = {Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: {A} critique of the {McClelland} thesis},
  volume = {21},
  copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved},
  issn = {0362-3319},
  shorttitle = {Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth},
  abstract = {Examines D. McClelland's (1961) theory, as presented in The Achieving Society, that there exists a causal link between a psychological factor known as need for achievement (nAch) and the economic growth and decline of nations. Attention is directed to McClelland's conception of the nature and origin of nAch and the role nAch plays in the economic growth process. It is argued that the theory is empirically invalid, theoretically inadequate, and offers little value to those interested in promoting economic growth. It is suggested that future theory and research should concentrate on the interaction between psychological and structural factors as they relate to economic growth. This approach would more closely approximate reality by emphasizing factors at individual, national, and international levels.},
  language = {English},
  number = {2},
  journal = {The Social Science Journal},
  author = {Scott, R.},
  year = {1984},
  keywords = {*Achievement Motivation, Economy},
  pages = {125--134},
  file = {APA PsycNET Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T56QB2S5/Scott - 1984 - Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and econom.html:text/html}

Venture Entrepreneurship, Innovation Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by Linghui Tang and Peter Koveos

  @article{tang_venture_2004,
  title = {Venture {Entrepreneurship}, {Innovation} {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {9},
  copyright = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 2004},
  issn = {10849467},
  url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/208440561/abstract/994F041007FE42E9PQ/1},
  abstract = {This article makes a distinction between two types of entrepreneurship activities. Venture Entrepreneurship (VE), which deals with new venture creation and Innovation Entrepreneurship (IE), which involves innovations within existing enterprises. VE is found to be positively related to GDP growth rate. IE is negatively related to economic growth rate in high-income countries, while the findings for middle and low-income countries are mixed. The study contributes to a relatively sparse body of literature by exploring the nature of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic performance. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
  language = {English},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; Norfolk},
  author = {Tang, Linghui and Koveos, Peter E.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Business And Economics, Correlation analysis, Economic growth, Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Studies, Venture capital},
  pages = {161--171},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/UNEIR24J/Tang and Koveos - 2004 - Venture Entrepreneurship, Innovation Entrepreneurs.pdf:application/pdf}

Triple helix Indicators of Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems by Pamela Mueller

  @article{mueller_exploring_2006,
  series = {Triple helix {Indicators} of {Knowledge}-{Based} {Innovation} {Systems}},
  title = {Exploring the knowledge filter: {How} entrepreneurship and university–industry relationships drive economic growth},
  volume = {35},
  issn = {0048-7333},
  shorttitle = {Exploring the knowledge filter},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733306001600},
  doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.023},
  abstract = {Knowledge is recognized as a crucial element of economic growth in addition to physical capital and labor. Knowledge can be transformed into products and processes and is, in this way, exploited commercially. The ability to produce, identify, and exploit knowledge depends on the existing knowledge stock and the absorptive capacity of actors such as employees at firms and researchers at universities and research institutions. The existing knowledge stock might not be commercialized to its full extent; therefore, knowledge flows must occur and transmission channels are needed. The paper tests the hypotheses that entrepreneurship and university–industry relations are vehicles for knowledge flows and, thus, spur economic growth.},
  number = {10},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Research Policy},
  author = {Mueller, Pamela},
  month = dec,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, Regional growth},
  pages = {1499--1508},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/QPNSTJGS/Mueller - 2006 - Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneursh.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XWC3AJR9/Mueller - 2006 - Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneursh.html:text/html}

The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy by David Hart

  @book{hart_emergence_2003,
  title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}},
  isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3},
  shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}},
  abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  author = {Hart, David M.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2003},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy, Social Science / Sociology / General}

Innovation, Imitation, and Economic Growth by Pail Segerstrom

  @article{segerstrom_innovation_1991,
  title = {Innovation, {Imitation}, and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {99},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/261779},
  doi = {10.1086/261779},
  abstract = {This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model of economic growth. The model has a steady-state equilibrium in which some firms devote resources to discovering qualitatively improved products and other firms devote resources to copying these products. Rates of both innovation and imitation are endogenously determined on the basis of the outcomes of \$R \& D\$ races between firms. Innovation subsidies are shown to unambiguously promote economic growth. Welfare is enhanced, however, only if the steady-state intensity of innovative effort exceeds a critical level.},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2017-02-27},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  author = {Segerstrom, Paul S.},
  month = aug,
  year = {1991},
  pages = {807--827},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZAWEQ2JN/Segerstrom - 1991 - Innovation, Imitation, and Economic Growth.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth by Roy Thurk and Sander Wennekers

  @article{thurik_entrepreneurship_2004,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth},
  volume = {11},
  issn = {1462-6004},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14626000410519173},
  doi = {10.1108/14626000410519173},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development},
  author = {Thurik, Roy and Wennekers, Sander},
  month = mar,
  year = {2004},
  pages = {140--149},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/EA7WG29G/Thurik and Wennekers - 2004 - Entrepreneurship, small business and economic grow.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory by William Baumol

  @article{baumol_entrepreneurship_1968,
  title = {Entrepreneurship in {Economic} {Theory}},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1831798},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  author = {Baumol, William J.},
  year = {1968},
  pages = {64--71}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries by Dave Valliere and Rein Peterson

  @article{valliere_entrepreneurship_2009,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth: {Evidence} from emerging and developed countries},
  volume = {21},
  issn = {0898-5626},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620802332723},
  doi = {10.1080/08985620802332723},
  abstract = {This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the economic effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years 2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) research, are used to identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests that, in developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedom. However, in emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms.},
  number = {5-6},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
  author = {Valliere, Dave and Peterson, Rein},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {economic growth, emerging nations, entrepreneurship, knowledge creation, regulatory freedom},
  pages = {459--480},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/A8ZVWXV8/Valliere and Peterson - 2009 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth Evidence fro.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth by David Audretsch and Roy Thurik

  @incollection{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2003,
  series = {Advances in {Austrian} {Economics}},
  title = {Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth},
  volume = {6},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1529-2134%2803%2906003-4},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  booktitle = {Austrian {Economics} and {Entrepreneurial} {Studies}},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  author = {Audretsch, David B. and Thurik, A.Roy},
  month = jan,
  year = {2003},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4
  DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4},
  pages = {39--56},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MAAM7XIS/Audretsch and Thurik - 2003 - Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic .html:text/html}

The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth by Martin Caree and Roy Thurik

  @incollection{carree_impact_2010,
  series = {International {Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}},
  title = {The {Impact} of {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}},
  copyright = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC},
  isbn = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_20},
  abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth; (4) The effects of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusion.},
  language = {en},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  author = {Carree, Martin A. and Thurik, A. Roy},
  editor = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.},
  year = {2010},
  note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20},
  keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship},
  pages = {557--594},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/DUS7NURS/Carree et al. - 2010 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth.html:text/html}

Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: a historical review by Bo Carlsson, Zoltan Acs, David Audretsch, and Pontus Braunerheilm

  @article{carlsson_knowledge_2009,
  title = {Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: a historical review},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {0960-6491},
  shorttitle = {Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/18/6/1193/795488/Knowledge-creation-entrepreneurship-and-economic},
  doi = {10.1093/icc/dtp043},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
  author = {Carlsson, Bo and Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus},
  month = dec,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1193--1229},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4R6CR8KM/Carlsson et al. - 2009 - Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SISZH7TN/Carlsson et al. - 2009 - Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data by Poh kam Wong, Yuen Ping Ho, and Erkko Autio

  @article{wong_entrepreneurship_2005,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}: {Evidence} from {GEM} data},
  volume = {24},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1},
  abstract = {Studies on the impact of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role of␣new firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of growth. One area of interest is the contrast between different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and medium enterprises in advanced countries.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Wong, Poh Kam and Ho, Yuen Ping and Autio, Erkko},
  month = apr,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {335--350},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/2NDFWSU6/Wong et al. - 2005 - Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth .html:text/html}

International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship by Martin Carree and Roy Thurik

  @incollection{carree_impact_2010-1,
  series = {International {Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}},
  title = {The {Impact} of {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}},
  copyright = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC},
  isbn = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_20},
  abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth; (4) The effects of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusion.},
  language = {en},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  author = {Carree, Martin A. and Thurik, A. Roy},
  editor = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.},
  year = {2010},
  note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20},
  keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship},
  pages = {557--594},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MHQV2FE3/Carree et al. - 2010 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth.html:text/html}

The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped? by Sander Wennekers, Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik

  @article{wennekers_relationship_2010,
  title = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}: {Is} {It} {U}-{Shaped}?},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1551-3114, 1551-3122},
  shorttitle = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}},
  url = {http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/ENT-023},
  doi = {10.1561/0300000023},
  abstract = {The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped?},
  language = {English},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship},
  author = {Wennekers, Sander and Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy},
  month = jul,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {167--237},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WF65SNQE/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BKKD9QHN/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.html:text/html}

Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy by David Audretsch

  @incollection{audretsch_knowledge_2005,
  series = {Research on {Technological} {Innovation}, {Management} and {Policy}},
  title = {The {Knowledge} {Spillover} {Theory} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  booktitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  author = {Audretsch, David B.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2005},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7
  DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7},
  pages = {37--54},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/VKFHNSNM/Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited by Nathaniel Leff

  @article{leff_entrepreneurship_1979,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}: {The} {Problem} {Revisited}},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2723640},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  author = {Leff, Nathaniel H.},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {46--64}

The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth by Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik

  @article{stel_effect_2005,
  title = {The {Effect} of {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} on {National} {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {24},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6},
  abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. We test whether this influence depends on the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations for achieving economic growth by incorporating the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/managers of young businesses affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy},
  month = apr,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {311--321},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FT24NI8Q/Stel et al. - 2005 - The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National.html:text/html}

Innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth by Miguel-Angel Galindo, Maria-Teresa Mendez-Picazo

  @article{galindo_innovation_2013,
  title = {Innovation, entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0025-1747},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00251741311309625},
  doi = {10.1108/00251741311309625},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Management Decision},
  author = {Galindo, Miguel‐Ángel and Méndez‐Picazo, María‐Teresa},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {501--514}

Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth by David Audretsch

  @article{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth},
  volume = {23},
  issn = {0266-903X},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-abstract/23/1/63/510594/Entrepreneurship-capital-and-economic-growth},
  doi = {10.1093/oxrep/grm001},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
  author = {Audretsch, David B.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {63--78},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7MHRJA7D/Audretsch - 2007 - Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth.html:text/html}

Innovation and economic growth by G. Cameron

  @misc{cameron_innovation_1996,
  type = {Monograph},
  title = {Innovation and economic growth},
  url = {http://cep.lse.ac.uk},
  abstract = {This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation and economic growth. It considers a number of different measures of innovation, such as R\&D spending, patenting, and innovation counts, as well as the pervasive effect of technological spillovers between firms, industries, and countries. There are three main conclusions. The first is that innovation makes a significant contribution to growth. The second is there are significant spillovers between countries, firms and industries, and to a lesser extent from government-funded research. Third, that these spillovers tend to be localized, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological catch-up may act to equalize productivity across countries, the process is likely to be slow and uncertain, and require substantial domestic innovation effort.},
  language = {en},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  author = {Cameron, G.},
  month = feb,
  year = {1996},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZDX7XF2X/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GMK4JNQK/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:text/html}

Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Culture: The Interaction Between Technology, Progress and Economic Growth by Terrence Brown and J. M. Ulijn

  @book{brown_innovation_2004,
  title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}: {The} {Interaction} {Between} {Technology}, {Progress} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-1-84542-055-0},
  shorttitle = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}},
  abstract = {The purpose of this book is to examine the nature of organizational innovation and change by looking at the complex interplay between entrepreneurship, innovation and culture.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
  author = {Brown, Terrence E. and Ulijn, J. M.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2004},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General}

Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth by Chris Freeman

  @article{freeman_continental_2002,
  series = {Innovation {Systems}},
  title = {Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth},
  volume = {31},
  issn = {0048-7333},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733301001366},
  doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00136-6},
  abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of innovation systems to economic growth rates over the last two centuries. The focus is on complementarity (or lack of it) between sub-systems of society and on models of active learning in catching up economies. The paper discusses variations in rates of growth of economic regions and the extent to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”. The analysis is applied to Britain in the 18th century, the United States in the second half of the 19th century and the innovation systems of catching up countries in the 20th century.},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-02-27},
  journal = {Research Policy},
  author = {Freeman, Chris},
  month = feb,
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Economic growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change},
  pages = {191--211},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KXFNJ3PU/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7M7E3EH3/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .html:text/html}

Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: The case of the University of Calgary James Chrisman, Timothy Hynes, and Shelby Fraser

  @article{chrisman_faculty_1995,
  title = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: {The} case of the {University} of {Calgary}},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {0883-9026},
  shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269500015Z},
  doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(95)00015-Z},
  abstract = {The common perception of universities as merely institutions of higher learning is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines of economic growth and development. This study documents the entrepreneurial activities of the faculty of the University of Calgary, as well as the impact the University has had and the impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activities. Results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as a consequence of significant faculty inputs. These ventures, in turn, have generated at least 723 new jobs in Alberta. Furthermore, our projections suggest that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year in the near future. Implications for the role universities and governments should play to encourage faculty entrepreneurship are discussed.},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
  author = {Chrisman, James J. and Hynes, Timothy and Fraser, Shelby},
  month = jul,
  year = {1995},
  pages = {267--281},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8GNRIU7Q/Chrisman et al. - 1995 - Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development.html:text/html}

Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by Sampsa Samila and Olav Sorenson

  @article{samila_venture_2010,
  title = {Venture {Capital}, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {93},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00066},
  doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00066},
  abstract = {Using a panel of U.S. metropolitan areas, we find that increases in the supply of venture capital positively affect firm starts, employment, and aggregate income. Our results remain robust to a variety of specifications, including ones that address endogeneity. The estimated magnitudes imply that venture capital stimulates the creation of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent with two mechanisms: First, would-be entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firms when the supply of capital expands. Second, funded companies may transfer know-how to their employees, thereby enabling spin-offs, and may encourage others to become entrepreneurs through demonstration effects.},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  author = {Samila, Sampsa and Sorenson, Olav},
  month = jul,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {338--349},
  file = {Review of Economics and Statistics Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SQUNPGVA/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.pdf:application/pdf;Review of Economics and Statistics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MC8SR7FG/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.html:text/html}

Special Section Knowledge Dynamics out of Balance: Knowledge Biased, Skewed and Unmatched by David Audretsch and Max Keilbach

  @article{audretsch_resolving_2008,
  series = {Special {Section} {Knowledge} {Dynamics} out of {Balance}: {Knowledge} {Biased}, {Skewed} and {Unmatched}},
  title = {Resolving the knowledge paradox: {Knowledge}-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  volume = {37},
  issn = {0048-7333},
  shorttitle = {Resolving the knowledge paradox},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733308001881},
  doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2008.08.008},
  abstract = {The knowledge paradox suggests that high levels of investment in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate the anticipated levels of competitiveness of growth. In particular, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalanced, so that the competitiveness and growth ensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across individuals, firms, and spatial units of observation, such as regions and countries. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurial activity to growth within the context of German regions, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of knowledge spillovers.},
  number = {10},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Research Policy},
  author = {Audretsch, David B. and Keilbach, Max},
  month = dec,
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge},
  pages = {1697--1705},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TADZBQ3M/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9ZDNQCVF/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis by Hector Salgado-Banda

  @article{salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1084-9467},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  url = {http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S1084946707000538},
  doi = {10.1142/S1084946707000538},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth by using a new variable based on patent data to proxy for productive entrepreneurship. Data on self-employment is used as an alternative proxy. The study considers 22 OECD countries and finds a positive relationship between the proposed measure of productive entrepreneurship — degree of innovativeness of different nations — and economic growth, while the alternative measure, based on self-employment, appears to be negatively correlated with economic growth. A battery of econometric specifications and techniques backs the findings.},
  number = {01},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship},
  author = {Salgado-Banda, Héctor},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {3--29},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZGS7GAFF/Salgado-Banda - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth an empirical.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy by Zoltan Acs and Laszlo Szerb

  @article{acs_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Growth} and {Public} {Policy}},
  volume = {28},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3},
  abstract = {This paper is an introduction to the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The conference focused on developing a better understanding of the relationships among entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy, and variations according to the stage of economic development. The papers in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro data, and offer several important policy recommendations. First, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capital, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise development. It is important to start enterprise development policies early because the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change in the short run. Second, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most cases, will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and deregulation of financial markets may be needed to support growth of high-performance ventures.},
  language = {en},
  number = {2-3},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Szerb, Laszlo},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {109--122},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZZK72585/Acs and Szerb - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Polic.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Western European Countries and the United States by Miltiades Georgiou

  @techreport{georgiou_entrepreneurship_2009,
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
  title = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis} for {Western} {European} {Countries} and the {United} {States} 1990-2004},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}},
  url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478903},
  abstract = {In this paper a distinction will be made between manager and owner and it will be attempted to estimate numerically the country’s total economy’s entrepreneuri},
  number = {ID 1478903},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  institution = {Social Science Research Network},
  author = {Georgiou, Miltiades N.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {corporate governance, economic growth, entrepreneurship},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKT9D7FX/Georgiou - 2009 - Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth An Empiri.html:text/html}

The Economics of Science and Technology: An Overview of Initiatives to Foster Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by M. P. Feldman, Albert Link, and Donald Siegel

  @book{feldman_economics_2012,
  title = {The {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}: {An} {Overview} of {Initiatives} to {Foster} {Innovation}, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-1-4615-0981-3},
  shorttitle = {The {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}},
  abstract = {Science and technology have long been regarded as important determinants of economic growth. Edwin Mansfield (1971, pp. 1- 2), a pioneer in the economics of technological change, noted: Technological change is an important, if not the most important, factor responsible for economic growth . . . without question, [it] is one of the most important determinants of the shape and evolution of the American economy. Science and technology are even more important in the "new economy," with its greater emphasis on the role of intellectual property and knowledge transfer. Therefore, it is unfortunate that most individuals rarely have the opportunity to explore the economic implications of science and technology. As a result, the antecedents and consequences of technological change are poorly understood by many in the general public. This lack of understanding is reflected in a recent survey conducted by the National Science Board (2000), summarized in Science \& Engineering Indicators. ' As shown in Table 1. 1, the findings of the survey indicated that many Americans, despite a high level of interests in such matters, are not as well-informed about technological issues as they are about other policy issues. As shown in the table, individuals self assess, based on a scale from 1 to 100, their interest in science and technology policy issues as being relatively high, yet they self assess their knowledge or informedness about these issues relatively lower.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
  author = {Feldman, M. P. and Link, Albert N. and Siegel, Donald},
  month = dec,
  year = {2012},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: wca9BwAAQBAJ},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Management Science, Business \& Economics / Production \& Operations Management, Business \& Economics / Research \& Development, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}

Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy by David Audretsch

  @incollection{audretsch_knowledge_2005-1,
  series = {Research on {Technological} {Innovation}, {Management} and {Policy}},
  title = {The {Knowledge} {Spillover} {Theory} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  booktitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  author = {Audretsch, David B.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2005},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7
  DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7},
  pages = {37--54},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8XPFGHW6/Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/html}

Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Andre van Stel

  @book{stel_empirical_2006,
  title = {Empirical {Analysis} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-0-387-29419-3},
  abstract = {The importance of entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth in contemporary economies is widely recognized, both by policy makers and economists. It is deeply embedded in the current European policy approach that the creativity and independence of entrepreneurs contribute to higher levels of economic activity. Indeed, according to the European Commission (2003, p. 9), "The challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thrive. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels of entrepreneurship, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to grow. " Audretsch (2003, p. 5) states that "Entrepreneurship has become the engine of economic and social development throughout the world. " The relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth is embedded in several strands of the economic literature. A first strand of literature involves the general understanding of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Seminal contributions were made by Schumpeter (1934), Knight (1921) and Kirzner (1973). These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspect, Knight stresses the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibrium. Acs (1992) discusses the contribution of small firms in modern economies.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
  author = {Stel, André van},
  month = jun,
  year = {2006},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: VUOHlzSuqk0C},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}

Harnessing University Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth: Factors of Success Among University Spin-of by Christopher Hayter

  @article{hayter_harnessing_2013,
  title = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}: {Factors} of {Success} {Among} {University} {Spin}-offs},
  volume = {27},
  issn = {0891-2424},
  shorttitle = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}},
  url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891242412471845},
  doi = {10.1177/0891242412471845},
  abstract = {University spin-offs are an important vehicle for knowledge dissemination and have the potential to generate jobs and economic growth. Despite their importance, little research exists on spin-off performance or impact, especially from the perspective of academic entrepreneurs. Using logit regression, this article makes a scholarly contribution by testing the relationship between spin-off success—defined here as technology commercialization—and multiple factors derived from the extant literature. Several significant variables are found to enable commercialization success within the sample, including venture capital, multiple and external licenses, outside management, joint ventures with other companies, previous faculty consulting experience, and—surprisingly—a negative relationship to post-spin-off services provided by universities. The results have important implications for public policy and management, supporting an overall “open innovation” approach to spin-off success.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Economic Development Quarterly},
  author = {Hayter, Christopher S.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {18--28}

Entrepreneurship, Geography, and American Economic Growth by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington

  @book{acs_entrepreneurship_2006,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Geography}, and {American} {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-1-139-45663-0},
  abstract = {The spillovers in knowledge among largely college-educated workers were among the key reasons for the impressive degree of economic growth and spread of entrepreneurship in the United States during the 1990s. Prior 'industrial policies' in the 1970s and 1980s did not advance growth because these were based on outmoded large manufacturing models. Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington use a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship to explain new firm formation rates in regional economies during the 1990s period and beyond. The fastest-growing regions are those that have the highest rates of new firm formation, and which are not dominated by large businesses. The authors of this text also find support for the thesis that knowledge spillovers move across industries and are not confined within a single industry. As a result, they suggest, regional policies to encourage and sustain growth should focus on entrepreneurship among other factors.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Armington, Catherine},
  month = jun,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / Theory, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}

RandD, innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis by Hulya Ulku

  @book{ulku_randd_2004,
  title = {{RandD}, innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis}},
  isbn = {978-1-4519-0480-2},
  shorttitle = {{RandD}, innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the main postulations of the R\&D based growth models that innovation is created in the R\&D sectors and it enables sustainable economic growth, provided that there are constant returns to innovation in terms of R\&D. The analysis employs various panel data techniques and uses patent and R\&D data for 20 OECD and 10 Non-OECD countries for the period 1981–97. The results suggest a positive relationship between per capita GDP and innovation in both OECD and non-OECD countries, while the effect of R\&D stock on innovation is significant only in the OECD countries with large markets. Although these results provide support for endogenous growth models, there is no evidence for constant returns to innovation in terms of R\&D, implying that innovation does not lead to permanent increases in economic growth. However, these results do not necessarily suggest a rejection of R\&D based growth models, given that neither patent nor R\&D data capture the full range of innovation and R\&D activities.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
  author = {Ulku, Hulya},
  month = sep,
  year = {2004},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: hfY8XHg8HCYC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / Macroeconomics, Business \& Economics / International / Economics}

Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Differences in Economic Growth by Russell Sobel and Joshua Hall

  @article{sobel_institutions_2008,
  title = {Institutions, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Regional} {Differences} in {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {I},
  issn = {2164-9685},
  url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=152625},
  language = {English},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {American Journal of Entrepreneurship},
  author = {Sobel, Russell S. and Hall, Joshua C.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {69--96},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CXW5A2UM/Sobel and Hall - 2008 - Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Diffe.html:text/html}

Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth} in Lagging Regions by Heather Stephens, Mark Partridge, and Alessandra Faggian

  @article{stephens_innovation_2013,
  title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth} in {Lagging} {Regions}},
  volume = {53},
  issn = {1467-9787},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12019/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/jors.12019},
  abstract = {The paper investigates what are the most important factors in fostering growth in rural, remote regions with historically low growth rates. In particular, we focus on the lagging Appalachian region and compare it to both nearby counties and other similarly lagging U.S. counties. Factors such as self-employment, human capital, creativity, university spillovers and high-technology clusters are considered. Our results suggest that entrepreneurship and creativity factors are key to increasing growth in the Appalachian region and in similar lagging regions nationally. However, there is little evidence that other knowledge-based factors are conducive to growth in these regions.},
  language = {en},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Regional Science},
  author = {Stephens, Heather M. and Partridge, Mark D. and Faggian, Alessandra},
  month = dec,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {778--812},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T76GD2CE/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/UK28EG9T/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development by Adam Szirmai, Wim Naude, and Micheline Goedhuys

  @book{szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation}, and {Economic} {Development}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-959651-5},
  abstract = {Entrepreneurship and innovation are two of the most pervasive concepts of our times, yet there are still gaps in our understanding of the interactions between entrepreneurship and innovation, particularly in developing countries. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses on the entrepreneurship-innovation-development nexus, drawing heavily on empirical evidence from developing countries. Cross-country and individual country experiences cover nations as diverse as Ethiopia, India, Turkey, Vietnam, and also examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets of questions are addressed. What is the impact of entrepreneurship and innovation on growth and development? What determines the innovative performance of entrepreneurs in developing countries? What role does the institutional environment play in shaping the extent and impact of innovative activities? A key message is that entrepreneurial innovation, whether through small firms, large national firms, or multinational firms, is often vibrant in developing countries, but does not always realise its full potential. This is due to institutional constraints, the absence of the appropriate mix of different types of small and large and domestic and foreign firms, and insufficiently developed firm capabilities. The contributions provide a better understanding of the determinants and impacts of innovation in developing countries and the policies and institutions that support or hinder innovation.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {OUP Oxford},
  author = {Szirmai, Adam and Naudé, Wim and Goedhuys, Micheline},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: ML8c8YPvTvsC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / Microeconomics, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}

The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern

  @article{gans_product_2003,
  series = {Special {Issue} on {Technology} {Entrepreneurship} and {Contact} {Information} for corresponding authors},
  title = {The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs},
  volume = {32},
  issn = {0048-7333},
  shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001038},
  doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00103-8},
  abstract = {This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Research Policy},
  author = {Gans, Joshua S. and Stern, Scott},
  month = feb,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs},
  pages = {333--350},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BVZBMHTS/Gans and Stern - 2003 - The product market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BR8CUQAE/S0048733302001038.html:text/html}

Clusters and entrepreneruship by Mercedes Delgado, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern

  @article{delgado_clusters_2010,
  title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1468-2702},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653/Clusters-and-entrepreneurship},
  doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
  author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
  month = jul,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {495--518},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9UJB7GDJ/Delgado et al. - 2010 - Clusters and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SPMPZECB/Clusters-and-entrepreneurship.html:text/html}

New Challenge to America's prosperity by Michael Porter and Scott Stern

  @book{porter_new_1999,
  title = {new challenge to {America}'s prosperity},
  isbn = {978-1-889866-21-5},
  url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300034528},
  language = {English},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  publisher = {Council on Competitiveness},
  author = {Porter, Michael E. and 1947- and Stern, Scott and 1969-},
  year = {1999},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WEKHN8V3/search.html:text/html}

The Determinants of National Competitiveness by Mercedes Delgado, Christian Ketels, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern

  @techreport{delgado_determinants_2012,
  type = {Working {Paper}},
  title = {The {Determinants} of {National} {Competitiveness}},
  url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w18249},
  abstract = {We define foundational competitiveness as the expected level of output per working-age individual that is supported by the overall quality of a country as a place to do business. The focus on output per potential worker, a broader measure of national productivity than output per current worker, reflects the dual role of workforce participation and output per worker in determining a nation's standard of living. Our framework highlights three broad and interrelated drivers of foundational competitiveness: social infrastructure and political institutions, monetary and fiscal policy, and the microeconomic environment. We estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering more than 130 countries over the 2001-2008 period. We find a positive and separate influence of each driver on output per potential worker. The microeconomic environment has a positive effect on output per potential worker even after controlling for historical legacies. Using our framework we define a new concept, global investment attractiveness, which is the cost of factor inputs relative to a country's competitiveness. This analysis reveals important insight into the economic trajectory of individual countries. Our framework also offers a novel methodology for the estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of national competitiveness.},
  number = {18249},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Ketels, Christian and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
  month = jul,
  year = {2012},
  note = {DOI: 10.3386/w18249},
  file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HXSAFKCF/Delgado et al. - 2012 - The Determinants of National Competitiveness.pdf:application/pdf}

Innovation Policy and the Economy by Adam Jaffe, Josh Lerne, and Scott Sterne

  @book{jaffe_innovation_2001,
  title = {Innovation {Policy} and the {Economy}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-60041-5},
  abstract = {This new annual series, sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research, will provide a forum for research on the interactions between public policy and the innovation process. Discussions will cover all types of policy that affect the ability of an economy to achieve scientific and technological progress or that affect the impact of science and technology on economic growth.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  author = {Jaffe, Adam B. and Lerner, Josh and Stern, Scott},
  year = {2001},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: Nc33ZS5nRa0C},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Technology \& Engineering / Industrial Technology, Technology \& Engineering / Nanotechnology \& MEMS}

The Government as Venture Capitalist: The Long-Run Effects of the SBIR Program by Josh Lerner

  @techreport{lerner_government_1996,
  type = {Working {Paper}},
  title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
  shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
  url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
  abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
  number = {5753},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  author = {Lerner, Josh},
  month = sep,
  year = {1996},
  note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753},
  file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/EHHIB8W6/Lerner - 1996 - The Government as Venture Capitalist The Long-Run.pdf:application/pdf}

The Venture Capital Revolution by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner

  @article{gompers_venture_2001,
  title = {The {Venture} {Capital} {Revolution}},
  volume = {15},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696596},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {The Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  author = {Gompers, Paul and Lerner, Josh},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {145--168}

Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Economic Growth by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner

  @incollection{kortum_does_2001,
  series = {Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship}, {Innovation} \& {Economic} {Growth}},
  title = {Does venture capital spur innovation?},
  volume = {13},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1048-4736%2801%2913003-1},
  number = {13},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  booktitle = {Entrepreneurial inputs and outcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  author = {Kortum, Samuel and Lerner, Josh},
  month = jan,
  year = {2001},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1
  DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1},
  pages = {1--44},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/P8SJ5DJ9/S1048-4736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}

What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising? by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner

  @techreport{gompers_what_1999,
  type = {Working {Paper}},
  title = {What {Drives} {Venture} {Capital} {Fundraising}?},
  url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w6906},
  abstract = {We examine the determinants of venture capital fundraising in the U.S. over the past twenty-five years. We study industry aggregate, state-level, and firm-specific fundraising to determine if macroeconomic, regulatory, or performance factors affect venture capital activity. We find that shifts in demand for venture capital appear to have a positive and important impact on commitments to new venture capital funds. Commitments by taxable and tax-exempt investors seem equally sensitive to changes in capital gains tax rates that decreases in capital gains tax rates increase the demand for venture capital as more workers are incented to become entrepreneurs. Aggregate and state level venture fundraising are positively affected by easing of pension investment restrictions as well as industrial and academic R\&D expenditures. Fund performance and reputation also lead to greater fundraising by venture organizations.},
  number = {6906},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Lerner, Josh},
  month = jan,
  year = {1999},
  note = {DOI: 10.3386/w6906},
  file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T95N8SZ9/Gompers and Lerner - 1999 - What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising.pdf:application/pdf}

Does venture capital spur innovation? by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner

  @incollection{kortum_does_2001-1,
  series = {Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship}, {Innovation} \& {Economic} {Growth}},
  title = {Does venture capital spur innovation?},
  volume = {13},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1048-4736%2801%2913003-1},
  number = {13},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  booktitle = {Entrepreneurial inputs and outcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  author = {Kortum, Samuel and Lerner, Josh},
  month = jan,
  year = {2001},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1
  DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1},
  pages = {1--44},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Z27E3MFC/S1048-4736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}

An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture capital partnership by Paul Gompers

  @article{gompers_analysis_1999,
  title = {An analysis of compensation in the {U}.{S}. venture capital partnership1},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0304-405X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X98000427},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00042-7},
  abstract = {Venture capital limited partnerships are an attractive arena to study cross-sectional and time-series variations in compensation schemes. We empirically examine 419 partnerships. The compensation of new and smaller funds displays considerably less sensitivity to performance and less variation than that of other funds. The fixed base component of compensation is higher for younger and smaller firms. We observe no relation between incentive compensation and performance. Our evidence is consistent with a learning model, in which the pay of new venture capitalists is less sensitive to performance because reputational concerns induce them to work hard.},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Journal of Financial Economics},
  author = {Gompers, Paul and Lerner, Josh},
  month = jan,
  year = {1999},
  keywords = {Contract, Limited partnership, Private equity, Venture capital},
  pages = {3--44},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7IEC7R6C/Gompers and Lerner - 1999 - An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture ca.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HV9JFZX6/S0304405X98000427.html:text/html}

Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed--and What to Do About It by Josh Lerner

  @book{lerner_boulevard_2009,
  title = {Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}: {Why} {Public} {Efforts} to {Boost} {Entrepreneurship} and {Venture} {Capital} {Have} {Failed}--and {What} to {Do} {About} {It}},
  isbn = {978-1-4008-3163-0},
  shorttitle = {Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}},
  abstract = {Silicon Valley, Singapore, Tel Aviv--the global hubs of entrepreneurial activity--all bear the marks of government investment. Yet, for every public intervention that spurs entrepreneurial activity, there are many failed efforts that waste untold billions in taxpayer dollars. When has governmental sponsorship succeeded in boosting growth, and when has it fallen terribly short? Should the government be involved in such undertakings at all? Boulevard of Broken Dreams is the first extensive look at the ways governments have supported entrepreneurs and venture capitalists across decades and continents. Josh Lerner, one of the foremost experts in the field, provides valuable insights into why some public initiatives work while others are hobbled by pitfalls, and he offers suggestions for how public ventures should be implemented in the future.  Discussing the complex history of Silicon Valley and other pioneering centers of venture capital, Lerner uncovers the extent of government influence in prompting growth. He examines the public strategies used to advance new ventures, points to the challenges of these endeavors, and reveals the common flaws undermining far too many programs--poor design, a lack of understanding for the entrepreneurial process, and implementation problems. Lerner explains why governments cannot dictate how venture markets evolve, and why they must balance their positions as catalysts with an awareness of their limited ability to stimulate the entrepreneurial sector.  As governments worldwide seek to spur economic growth in ever more aggressive ways, Boulevard of Broken Dreams offers an important caution. The book argues for a careful approach to government support of entrepreneurial activities, so that the mistakes of earlier efforts are not repeated.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
  author = {Lerner, Josh},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: cv10iRcUXVgC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / Finance / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}

Special Issue on Technology Entrepreneurship and Contact Information for corresponding authors by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern

 @article{gans_product_2003-1,
  series = {Special {Issue} on {Technology} {Entrepreneurship} and {Contact} {Information} for corresponding authors},
  title = {The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs},
  volume = {32},
  issn = {0048-7333},
  shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001038},
  doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00103-8},
  abstract = {This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Research Policy},
  author = {Gans, Joshua S. and Stern, Scott},
  month = feb,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs},
  pages = {333--350},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KA9BZJQ2/Gans and Stern - 2003 - The product market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/6HDNNZFW/S0048733302001038.html:text/html}

Private Equity and Long-Run Investment: The Case of Innovation by Josh Lerner, Morten Sorensen, and Per Stromberg

  @article{lerner_private_2011,
  title = {Private {Equity} and {Long}-{Run} {Investment}: {The} {Case} of {Innovation}},
  volume = {66},
  issn = {1540-6261},
  shorttitle = {Private {Equity} and {Long}-{Run} {Investment}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01639.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01639.x},
  abstract = {A long-standing controversy is whether leveraged buyouts (LBOs) relieve managers from short-term pressures from public shareholders, or whether LBO funds themselves sacrifice long-term growth to boost short-term performance. We examine one form of long-run activity, namely, investments in innovation as measured by patenting activity. Based on 472 LBO transactions, we find no evidence that LBOs sacrifice long-term investments. LBO firm patents are more cited (a proxy for economic importance), show no shifts in the fundamental nature of the research, and become more concentrated in important areas of companies' innovative portfolios.},
  language = {en},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {The Journal of Finance},
  author = {Lerner, Josh and Sorensen, Morten and Strömberg, Per},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  pages = {445--477},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FWCUXVTH/Lerner et al. - 2011 - Private Equity and Long-Run Investment The Case o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NTXHVB2K/abstract.html:text/html}

Opportunities and Entrepreneurship by Jonathan Eckhardt and Scott Shane

  @article{eckhardt_opportunities_2003,
  title = {Opportunities and {Entrepreneurship}},
  volume = {29},
  issn = {0149-2063},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630302900304},
  doi = {10.1177/014920630302900304},
  abstract = {This article extends and elaborates the perspective on entrepreneurship articulated by Shane and Venkataraman (2000) and Venkataraman (1997) by explaining in more detail the role of opportunities in the entrepreneurial process. In particular, the article explains the importance of examining entrepreneurship through a disequilibrium framework that focuses on the characteristics and existence of entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the article describes several typologies of opportunities and their implications for understanding entrepreneurship.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Journal of Management},
  author = {Eckhardt, Jonathan T. and Shane, Scott A.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {333--349},
  file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BM6E5PW7/Eckhardt and Shane - 2003 - Opportunities and Entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf}

Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation by Scott Shane

  @book{shane_academic_2004,
  title = {Academic {Entrepreneurship}: {University} {Spinoffs} and {Wealth} {Creation}},
  isbn = {978-1-84376-982-8},
  shorttitle = {Academic {Entrepreneurship}},
  abstract = {In this unique and timely volume, Scott Shane systematically explains the formation of university spinoff companies and their role in the commercialization of university technology and wealth creation in the United States and elsewhere. The importance of university spinoff activity is discussed and the historical development of university spinoff ventures is traced over time.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
  author = {Shane, Scott Andrew},
  month = jan,
  year = {2004},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: fMRGAgAAQBAJ},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / General}

Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation by Scott Shane

  @article{shane_technological_2001,
  title = {Technological {Opportunities} and {New} {Firm} {Creation}},
  volume = {47},
  issn = {0025-1909},
  url = {http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.47.2.205.9837},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.47.2.205.9837},
  abstract = {Research on the creation of new high-technology companies has typically focused either on industry-level factors such as market structure and technology regime or on individual-level factors such as the work experience of entrepreneurs. This study complements these approaches by examining the effect of technological opportunities on firm formation. In particular, the study shows that the probability that an invention will be commercialized through firm formation is influenced by its importance, radicalness, and patent scope.},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Management Science},
  author = {Shane, Scott},
  month = feb,
  year = {2001},
  pages = {205--220},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NB3TMCIX/Shane - 2001 - Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XBGW3B4J/mnsc.47.2.205.html:text/html}

Empirical studies of innovation and market structure by Wesley Cohen and Richard Levin

  @article{cohen_chapter_1989, 
  title = {Chapter 18 {Empirical} studies of innovation and market structure},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {1573-448X},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1573448X89020066},
  doi = {10.1016/S1573-448X(89)02006-6},
  abstract = {This chapter discusses the perceptible movement of empirical scholars from a narrow concern with the role of firm size and market concentration toward a broader consideration of the fundamental determinants of technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and appropriability conditions themselves are subject to change over time, particularly in response to radical innovations that alter the technological regime, these conditions are reasonably assumed to determine inter-industry differences in innovative activity over relatively long periods. Although a substantial body of descriptive evidence has begun to accumulate on the way the nature and effects of demand, opportunity, and appropriability differ across industries, the absence of suitable data constrains progress in many areas. It has been observed that much of the empirical understanding of innovation derives not from the estimation of econometric models but from the use of other empirical methods. Many of the most credible empirical regularities have been established not by estimating and testing elaborate optimization models with published data but by the painstaking collection of original data, usually in the form of responses to relatively simple questions.},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Handbook of Industrial Organization},
  author = {Cohen, Wesley M. and Levin, Richard C.},
  month = jan,
  year = {1989},
  pages = {1059--1107},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SGM2ERHI/S1573448X89020066.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship as Innovation by Joseph Schumpeter

  @techreport{schumpeter_entrepreneurship_2000,
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
  title = {Entrepreneurship as {Innovation}},
  url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1512266},
  abstract = {The chief characteristics of the entrepreneur are identified, one of which is the ability to combine already existing resources in creative ways. Distinguishing},
  number = {ID 1512266},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  institution = {Social Science Research Network},
  author = {Schumpeter, Joseph A.},
  year = {2000},
  keywords = {Capitalism, Creativity, Individual traits, Industrial organization, Innovation process, Leadership, Motivation, Personal success},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3Q3Z47HA/papers.html:text/html}

The Politics and Aesthetics of Entrepreneurship: A Fourth Movements in Entrepreneurship Book by Daniel Jhorth and Chris Steyaert

  @book{hjorth_politics_2010-1,
  title = {The {Politics} and {Aesthetics} of {Entrepreneurship}: {A} {Fourth} {Movements} in {Entrepreneurship} {Book}},
  isbn = {978-1-84844-607-6},
  shorttitle = {The {Politics} and {Aesthetics} of {Entrepreneurship}},
  abstract = {Stylish, bold, fiery, and full of zest, this book could well have been called Embodying Entrepreneurship . . . for perhaps the first time, we have a cultured, scholarly, in-the-flesh treatment of entrepreneurial life. Ranging from striptease to de Sade, t},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
  author = {Hjorth, Daniel and Steyaert, Chris},
  month = jan,
  year = {2010},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: \_CI5K8PG1TEC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship}

Urban Entrepreneurship and the Sunbelt Frontier by William Angel

  @article{angel_zenith_1980,
  title = {{ZENITH} {REVISITED}: {URBAN} {ENTREPRENEURSHIP} {AND} {THE} {SUNBELT} {FRONTIER}},
  volume = {61},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  shorttitle = {{ZENITH} {REVISITED}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/42860763},
  number = {3/4},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
  author = {ANGEL, WILLIAM D.},
  year = {1980},
  pages = {434--445}

Entrepreneurship and the City by Edward Galeser

  @techreport{glaeser_entrepreneurship_2007,
  type = {Working {Paper}},
  title = {Entrepreneurship and the {City}},
  url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w13551},
  abstract = {Why do levels of entrepreneurship differ across America's cities? This paper presents basic facts on two measures of entrepreneurship: the self-employment rate and the number of small firms. Both of these measures are correlated with urban success, suggesting that more entrepreneurial cities are more successful. There is considerable variation in the self-employment rate across metropolitan areas, but about one-half of this heterogeneity can be explained by demographic and industrial variation. Self-employment is particularly associated with abundant, older citizens and with the presence of input suppliers. Conversely, small firm size and employment growth due to unaffiliated new establishments is associated most strongly with the presence of input suppliers and an appropriate labor force. I also find support for the Chinitz (1961) hypothesis that entrepreneurship is linked to a large number of small firms in supplying industries. Finally, there is a strong connection between area-level education and entrepreneurship.},
  number = {13551},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  author = {Glaeser, Edward L.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2007},
  note = {DOI: 10.3386/w13551},
  file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GGUKUU84/Glaeser - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and the City.pdf:application/pdf}

Entrepreneurship and welfare by Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada

  @article{tamvada_entrepreneurship_2010,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and welfare},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5},
  abstract = {Here, I examine returns to entrepreneurship using a standard measure of welfare, the per-capita consumption expenditure. This analysis, using quantile regressions, reveals the existence of a welfare hierarchy in occupations. The results suggest that, across the welfare distribution, entrepreneurs who employ others have the highest returns in terms of consumption, while those entrepreneurs who work for themselves, that is, self-employed individuals, have slightly lower returns than the salaried employees. However, self-employment entails higher returns than casual labor and a relative escape from poverty.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Tamvada, Jagannadha Pawan},
  month = jan,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {65--79},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XCZDSSXS/Tamvada - 2010 - Entrepreneurship and welfare.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/52GUIKIW/s11187-009-9195-5.html:text/html}

The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions by Magnus Henrekson and Tino Sanandaji

  @article{henrekson_interaction_2011,
  title = {The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions},
  volume = {7},
  issn = {1744-1382, 1744-1374},
  url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/interaction-of-entrepreneurship-and-institutions/DD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C},
  doi = {10.1017/S1744137410000342},
  abstract = {Abstract:Previous research, notably Baumol (1990), has highlighted the role of institutions in channeling entrepreneurial supply into productive, unproductive, or destructive activities. However, entrepreneurship is not only influenced by institutions – entrepreneurs often help shape institutions themselves. The bilateral causal relation between entrepreneurs and institutions is examined in this paper. Entrepreneurs affect institutions in at least three ways. Entrepreneurship abiding by existing institutions is occasionally disruptive enough to challenge the foundations of prevailing institutions. Entrepreneurs sometimes have the opportunity to evade institutions, which tends to undermine the effectiveness of the institutions, or cause institutions to change for the better. Lastly, entrepreneurs can directly alter institutions through innovative political entrepreneurship. Like business entrepreneurship, innovative political activity may be productive or unproductive, depending on the incentives facing entrepreneurs.},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Journal of Institutional Economics},
  author = {Henrekson, Magnus and Sanandaji, Tino},
  month = mar,
  year = {2011},
  pages = {47--75},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/RMIM2R2C/DD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C.html:text/html}

High-growth firms: does location matter? by Jose Miguel Giner, Marian Santa-Maria, and Antonio Fuster

  @article{miguel_giner_high-growth_2017,
  title = {High-growth firms: does location matter?},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1554-7191},
  shorttitle = {High-growth firms},
  doi = {10.1007/s11365-016-0392-9},
  abstract = {The challenge for economies lies in boosting employment growth, not just by fostering entrepreneurship, but also by improving the growth potential of existing firms. Consequently, many studies have focused on assessing the dynamism of firms, and especially the capacity of high-growth firms (HGFs) to generate employment. This study aimed to identify HGFs in Spain during two periods, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010 and to analyse their characteristics and territorial distribution during the initial years of the economic crisis. Accordingly, a key area of inquiry of the study was the influence of agglomeration (in metropolitan areas, industrial districts and technological districts) on the locations of HGFs. To analyse the influence of location on the probability of firms being HGFs, a logit model was estimated. The main results supported the study's hypotheses that technological districts and large urban areas are significantly associated with the probability of firms being HGFs, because firms profit from comparative locational advantages offered by these areas. The importance of HGFs requires special emphasis in relation to Spain's context of economic crisis and high unemployment levels because of their significant contribution to employment generation.},
  language = {English},
  number = {1},
  journal = {International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal},
  author = {Miguel Giner, Jose and Jesus Santa-Maria, Maria and Fuster, Antonio},
  month = mar,
  year = {2017},
  note = {WOS:000394301700003},
  keywords = {Agglomeration, empirical-analysis, Firm growth, gazelles, geography, High-growth firms, Innovation, Job creation, Location, performance, smes, spillovers},
  pages = {75--96}

The city as innovation machine by Richard Florida, Patrick Adler, and Charlotta Mellander

  @article{florida_city_2017,
  title = {The city as innovation machine},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0034-3404},
  doi = {10.1080/00343404.2016.1255324},
  abstract = {The city as innovation machine. Regional Studies. This paper puts cities and urban regions at the very centre of the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship. It combines the insights of Jane Jacobs and recent urban research on the role of the city with the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship going back to Joseph Schumpeter. Innovation and entrepreneurship and their geography privileges the firm, industry clusters and/or the individual and poses the city as a container for them. By marrying Jacobs' insights on cities to those of Schumpeter on innovation, it is argued that innovation and entrepreneurship do not simply take in place in cities but in fact require them.},
  language = {English},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Regional Studies},
  author = {Florida, Richard and Adler, Patrick and Mellander, Charlotta},
  month = jan,
  year = {2017},
  note = {WOS:000394438300008},
  keywords = {academic research, cities, Creativity, economic-geography, Entrepreneurship, firm formation, geography, industry, Innovation, knowledge   spillovers, life-cycle, patent citations, product innovation, regions, technological-change, united-states, urbanism},
  pages = {86--96}

Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899–1988 by Scott Shane

  @article{shane_explaining_1996,
  title = {Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}: 1899–1988},
  volume = {22},
  issn = {0149-2063},
  shorttitle = {Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149206396900215},
  doi = {10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90021-5},
  abstract = {This paper examines rates of entrepreneurship over time in the U.S. economy. It finds strong support for the argument that variations in rates of entrepreneurship follow a Schumpeterian model. Changes in rates of entrepreneurship appear to be driven by changes in technology. Some evidence is also found for the effects of the Protestant Ethic, interest rates, prior rates of entrepreneurship, risk-taking propensity, business failure rates, economic growth, immigration, and age distribution of the population.},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {Journal of Management},
  author = {Shane, Scott},
  month = jan,
  year = {1996},
  pages = {747--781},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TATNEWCT/Shane - 1996 - Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Z27SXHIS/S0149206396900215.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship in the United States: The Future Is Now by Paul Reynolds

  @book{reynolds_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}: {The} {Future} {Is} {Now}},
  isbn = {978-0-387-45671-3},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
  abstract = {Entrepreneurship is among the most vibrant and important parts of the economy. This important book enhances understanding of entrepreneurial dynamics, providing the first analysis of changes in US entrepreneurial activity. Based on the unprecedented Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, it examines adult participation in new firm creation and differences in regional firm creation activity.  Shedding light on the importance of new firms for job growth, productivity enhancements, innovation, and routes for social mobility, the author tracks the success or failure of entrepreneurs, including comparisons of different groups, such as women and minorities, along with different countries.  All sectors of the population are making significant contributions. Significant implications for practitioners, educators and policy makers are discussed.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
  author = {Reynolds, Paul D.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Management Science, Business \& Economics / Urban \& Regional, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}

The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective by Martin Obschonka, Eva Schmitt-Rodermund, Rainer Silbereisen, and Samuel Gosling, and Jeff Potter

  @article{obschonka_regional_2013,
  title = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}: {A} socioecological perspective},
  volume = {105},
  copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved},
  issn = {1939-1315 0022-3514},
  shorttitle = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}},
  doi = {10.1037/a0032275},
  abstract = {In recent years the topic of entrepreneurship has become a major focus in the social sciences, with renewed interest in the links between personality and entrepreneurship. Taking a socioecological perspective to psychology, which emphasizes the role of social habitats and their interactions with mind and behavior, we investigated regional variation in and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone Big Five profile. Specifically, we analyzed personality data collected from over half a million U.S. residents (N = 619,397) as well as public archival data on state-level entrepreneurial activity (i.e., business-creation and self-employment rates). Results revealed that an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile is regionally clustered. This geographical distribution corresponds to the pattern that can be observed when mapping entrepreneurial activity across the United States. Indeed, the state-level correlation (N = 51) between an entrepreneurial personality structure and entrepreneurial activity was positive in direction, substantial in magnitude, and robust even when controlling for regional economic prosperity. These correlations persisted at the level of U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (N = 15) and were replicated in independent German (N = 19,842; 14 regions) and British (N = 15,617; 12 regions) samples. In contrast to these profile-based analyses, an analysis linking the individual Big Five dimensions to regional measures of entrepreneurial activity did not yield consistent findings. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for interdisciplinary theory development and practical applications.},
  language = {English},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  author = {Obschonka, Martin and Schmitt-Rodermund, Eva and Silbereisen, Rainer K. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {*Entrepreneurship, *Personality Traits, *Regional Differences, Ecological Factors, Sociology},
  pages = {104--122},
  file = {APA Psycnet Fulltext PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKW7AHQ9/Obschonka et al. - 2013 - The regional distribution and correlates of an ent.pdf:application/pdf}

Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state? by Magnus Henrekson

  @article{henrekson_entrepreneurship:_2005,
  title = {Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state?},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {0960-6491},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/14/3/437/679151/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state},
  doi = {10.1093/icc/dth060},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
  author = {Henrekson, Magnus},
  month = jun,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {437--467},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KKWH46HX/Henrekson - 2005 - Entrepreneurship a weak link in the welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CKQVD3IK/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data by Pekka Ilmakunnas and Vesa Kanniainen

  @article{ilmakunnas_entrepreneurship_2001,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}: {Results} with {OECD} {Data} 1978–93},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {1468-0475},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0475.00034/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0475.00034},
  abstract = {We find evidence in the OECD cross-country data to support the Knightian view that non-diversifiable economic risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of entrepreneurial and labor risk is found to be statistically significant and detrimental to entrepreneurship. The crowding-out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of public production of public goods in the OECD data. Weak evidence is found for the proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is related to the degree of income inequality and to the union power in the economy. The results also suggest that in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, self-employment is high.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {German Economic Review},
  author = {Ilmakunnas, Pekka and Kanniainen, Vesa},
  month = aug,
  year = {2001},
  pages = {195--218},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8ZVRACRP/abstract.html:text/html}

 Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship by Christian Keuschnigg and Soren Nielsen
@article{keuschnigg_tax_2003,
  series = {Proceedings of the {Trans} {Atlantic} {Public} {Economics} {Seminar} on ``{Taxation} of {Financial} {Incomet}`` 22-24 {May}, 2000.},
  title = {Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship},
  volume = {87},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272701001700},
  doi = {10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00170-0},
  abstract = {The paper studies the effects of tax policy on venture capital activity. Entrepreneurs pursue a single high risk project each but have no own resources. Financiers provide funds, covering investment cost plus an upfront payment, in exchange for a share in the firm. The contract must include incentives to enlist full effort of entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists also assist with valuable business advice to enhance survival chances. The paper develops a general equilibrium framework with a traditional and an entrepreneurial sector and investigates the effects of taxes on the equilibrium level of managerial advice, entrepreneurship and welfare. It considers differential wage and capital income taxes, a comprehensive income tax, progressive taxation as well as investment and output subsidies to the entrepreneurial sector.},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  author = {Keuschnigg, Christian and Nielsen, Soren Bo},
  month = jan,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Moral hazard, Subsidies, Taxes, Venture capital},
  pages = {175--203},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4RAXSM49/Keuschnigg and Nielsen - 2003 - Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4UBMTNG9/S0047272701001700.html:text/html}

Financial Distress, Employee}' Welfare and Entrepreneurship Among SMEs by John Inekwe

  @article{inekwe_financial_2016,
  title = {Financial {Distress}, {Employees}' {Welfare} and {Entrepreneurship} {Among} {SMEs}},
  volume = {129},
  issn = {0303-8300},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-015-1164-6},
  abstract = {The study predicts ex-ante financial distress in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and examines its significance in entrepreneurial activity. Thus, the study provides the dynamic characterization of the link between financial distress, employment and the growth in the establishment of SMEs. The study further examines employees' welfare and financial distress of SMEs. The results reveal that financial ratios and market variables are significant in predicting financial distress risks. In the wake of financial distress, the results reveal contractions in the growth of SMEs. In addition, financial distress in SMEs induces an adverse effect on the level of employment and a reduction in employees' welfare.},
  language = {English},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Social Indicators Research},
  author = {Inekwe, John Nkwoma},
  month = dec,
  year = {2016},
  note = {WOS:000387421700010},
  keywords = {bankruptcy prediction, Clogit, Entrepreneur, Financial distress, market, models, risk, smes},
  pages = {1135--1153}

Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Sander Wennekers and Roy Thurik

  @article{wennekers_linking_1999,
  title = {Linking {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008063200484},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1008063200484},
  abstract = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Wennekers, Sander and Thurik, Roy},
  month = aug,
  year = {1999},
  pages = {27--56},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9QVV7PRD/10.html:text/html}

Employment Growth and Entrepreneurial Activity in Cities by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington

  @article{acs_employment_2004,
  title = {Employment {Growth} and {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} in {Cities}},
  volume = {38},
  issn = {0034-3404},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280938},
  doi = {10.1080/0034340042000280938},
  abstract = {Acs Z. J. and Armington C. (2004) Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Recent theories of economic growth have stressed the role of externalities in generating growth. Using data from the Census Bureau that tracks all employers in the whole US private-sector economy, the impact of these externalities, as measured by entrepreneurial activity, on employment growth in Local Market Areas are examined. Differences in levels of entrepreneurial activity, diversity among geographically proximate industries and the extent of human capital are positively associated with variation in growth rates, but the manufacturing sector appears to be an exception. Acs Z. J. et Armington C. (2004) La croissance de l'emploi et l'esprit d'entreprise dans les grandes villes, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Des théories récentes de la croissance économique ont souligné l'importance des effets externes. A partir des données provenant du Census Bureau, institut national de la statistique qui fait le suivi de tous les employeurs dans toute l'économie privée aux Etats-Unis, cet article cherche à examiner les retombées de ces effets externes-là, mesurés en termes de l'esprit d'entreprise, sur la croissance de l'emploi dans les bassins d'emplois locaux. Il s'avère que les écarts des les niveaux de l'esprit d'entreprise, la diversité des industries à proximité, et l'importance du capital humain sont en corrélation étroite avec la variation des taux de croissance, à une exception près, le secteur industriel. Acs Z. J. und Armington C. (2004) Zunahme der Arbeitsstellen und Unternehmertätigkeit in Städten, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Kürzlich aufgekommene Theorien wirtschaftlichen Wachstums haben die Rolle externer Effekte bei der Wachstumsentwicklung betont. Mit Hilfe von Daten des Census Bureaus, das sämtliche Arbeitgeber des Privatsektors der Wirtschaft der USA erfaßt, wird die Auswirkung dieser externen Effekte auf die Zunahme von Erwerbsstellen in 'Local Market Areas' durch Messung an Hand unternehmerischer Aktivität untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, daß Unterschiede der Stufen unternehmerischer Aktivität, Vielfalt in geographisch benachbarten Industrien und der Umfang des Menschenkapitals in positiver Verbindung mit Abweichungen bei Zuwachsraten auftreten, obschon der herstellende Sektor hierbei eine Ausnahme darstellt. Acs Z. J. y Armington C. (2004) Crecimiento en el empleo y actividad emprendedora en las ciudades, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Las teorías recientes sobre el crecimiento económico han enfatizado el rol de las externalidades en la generación de crecimiento. Utilizando datos de la Oficina del Censo que siguen la trayectoria de todos los empresarios en la totalidad de la economía del sector privado en los Estados Unidos, examinamos el impacto de estas externalidades, medido por medio del grado de actividad emprendedora, en el crecimiento del empleo en Áreas de Mercado Local. Encontramos que las diferencias en los niveles de actividad empresarial, la diversidad entre industrias que estÁn geogrÁficamente próximas, y el grado de capital humano estÁn positivamente asociados a una variación en los índices de crecimiento, pero el sector manufacturero parece presentar una excepción.},
  number = {8},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {Regional Studies},
  author = {Acs, Zoltan and Armington, Catherine},
  month = nov,
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship, Industry diversity, Knowledge spillovers},
  pages = {911--927},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/35FA6H4D/0034340042000280938.html:text/html}