United States Patent and Trademark Office

The United States Patent and Trademark Office is the organization within the United States government that examines and grants patents and trademarks. Established under the Department of Commerce on July 19, 1952[1] by 35 U.S.C. §1[2], the USPTO fulfills the mandate in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution "to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."[3]. Since 1790, the USPTO has issued more than 6.5 million patents[4]. The agency's main offices reside in Alexandria, Virginia, with several satellite offices around the country.

Organization

Administration

• Director and Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property: Michelle K. Lee[5]

Michelle Lee was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve as the Director of the USPTO on November 11, 2014[6] and officially took the oath of office on March 12, 2015[7]. She is the first female to hold the office.[8]. Her first role within the USPTO was serving as the Director of the USPTO Silicon Valley regional office.[9]. Prior to joining the USPTO, Lee served as the Deputy General Counsel for Google[10].

• Deputy Director: Russell Slifer
• Chief of Staff: (Vacant)
• Commissioner for Patents: Drew Hirshfeld
• Commissioner for Trademarks: Mary Boney Denison
• Chief Policy Officer and Director for International Affairs: Shira Perlmutter
• Chief Administrative Officer: Frederick Steckler
• Chief Communication Officer: (Vacant)
• Chief Financial Officer: Anthony P. Scardino
• Chief Information Officer: John Owens II
• General Counsel: Sarah Harris
• Acting Deputy General Counsel for Intellectual Property Law and Solicitor: Thomas Krause
• Director of the Office of Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity: Bismark Myrick

Employment

The USPTO released its 2015-2018 People Plan, which outlines three pillars of focus for its workforce through the 2018 fiscal year.[11] The Office intends to use the three pillars of lead, engage, and enable for its strategic human capital planning, which is "the process by which an organization takes stock of how its people and people-management activities align with and support the agency’s strategic goals." Some human capital planning recommendations include diversifying and developing its workforce, connecting its employees with the core vision of the USPTO, and maximizing its internal leadership capabilities.

At the end of FY 2015, the USPTO employed 12,667 individuals, which includes 9,161 patent examiners and 456 trademark examining attorneys.[12]. This number is up from 12,450 total federal employees in FY 2014[13] and 11,773 employees in FY 2013[14]. The USPTO is expected to employ around 13,500 employees for FY 2016.[15]

USPTO Employment

Fiscal Year	Total Employees	Patent Examiners	Trademark Examining Attorneys
2016	~13,500	???	???
2015	12,667	9,161	465
2014	12,450	8,611	429
2013	11,173	8,051	409
2012	11,531	7,935	386

Regional Offices

The USPTO currently holds four regional offices in addition to its headquarters in Alexandria, VA. In 2010, the office piloted its first regional office in Detroit, MI through the Nationwide Workforce Program.[16] The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act provided for the USPTO to "establish 3 or more satellite offices in the United States to carry out the responsibilities of the Office."[17] Subsequently, the USPTO decided to expand to all time zones through offices in Denver, CO, Silicon Valley, CA, and Dallas, TX.[18]

Regional offices were created with the purpose to[19]:

• (1) increase outreach activities to better connect patent filers and innovators with the Office;
• (2) enhance patent examiner retention;
• (3) improve recruitment of patent examiners;
• (4) decrease the number of patent applications waiting for examination; and
• (5) improve the quality of patent examination.

Alexandria, VA

In 2006, the USPTO offices were consolidated in a new campus encompassing ten buildings all connected by underground walkways.[20] The location includes 70,000-square-foot mission-critical data center and the National Inventors Hall of Fame and Museum, which re-opened on May 21, 2014.[21]

Detroit, MI

The Elijah J. McCoy United States Patent and Trademark Office[22], serves as the first regional office of the USPTO. Originally created under the National Workforce Program in 2012, the office provides services including but not limited to complete patent databases, collaborative workstations, regularly scheduled workshops, and public tours. Christal Sheppard serves as the current director of the regional office.[23] The regional office serves the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin.

Denver, CO

The Rocky Mountain Regional Office, located in the Byron G. Rogers Federal Building in downtown Denver, has been open since June 30, 2014.[24] The office serves the states of Idaho, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.

Patent Database

Classification Numbers can be found here.

USPTO's new visual database, PatentsView, can be found here.

Google's helpful article on downloading USPTO PAIR (Patent Application Information Retrieval) data can be found here.

Patent Types

[25]

Utility Patent

Utility patents protect a "machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof"[26]

Design Patent

Design patents protect a "new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture"[27]

Plant Patent

Plant patents protect a "distinct and new variety of plant that can be asexually reproduced"[28]

Funding

The USPTO receives its operating funds through application fees, although the office must publish annal reports to Congress on its expected level of revenue and expenditure. From there, Congress appropriates a certain level of funding that the USPTO may keep form its fee collection in order to run the office. Essentially, the USPTO must request permission to keep and use the money it receives from the application fees. No additional appropriation through Congress is usually approved. The net appropriation for the past three years has been $0.

For FY 2016, the office requested $3.2 billion of allowed expenditure from its fee collections, which with funds from other income and the Operating reserve balance, is expected to fund the necessary operating budget of $3.5 billion.[29]

Reserve Fund

Section 22 of the America Invents Act (AIA) created a Patent and Trademark Fee Reserve Fund, where excess fees collected by the USPTO are to be deposited.[30] The reserve fund is meant to reduce uncertainty in financial stability for the office, especially during government shutdown. The reserve should be able to sustain the operations of the USPTO for three months of its patent operations and four-to-six months of its trademark operations. The office projects the reserve fund to hold $1.9 billion through FY 2019, which will allow the office "to propose reducing trademark fees in FY 2015."[31]

However, the USPTO must still petition Congress annually for permission to spend the money deposited in the reserve fund.

Proposed Legislation

• Innovation Protection Act

The Innovation Protection Act (H.R. 1832)[32][33], proposed by Rep. Conyers, D-MI on 4/16/15, provides for the permanent funding of the USPTO through the creation of a revolving fund. The United States Patent and Trademark Office Public Enterprise Fund would replace the current Patent and Trademark Office Appropriation Account; this public enterprise would hold all funds available for USPTO use without the Congressional appropriation requirement. The Patent and Trademark Fee Reserve Fund, created under the AIA, would be terminated after the remaining balance in the fund is transferred to the public enterprise fund.

Under H.R. 1832, the USPTO would still be required to submit an annual budget to the President, an annual report and operation plan to Congress, and an annual spending plan to the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The act allows the USPTO to keep and spend all of the fees it collects, even those in excess of current fiscal year projection. However, the USPTO retains its obligation to submit spending reports and budgets.

H.R. 1832 is a reintroduction of H.R. 3349 (2013) [34], the Innovation Protection Act that Rep. Conyers proposed on 10/28/2013. H.R. 3349 was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary and subsequently died in committee. The 2013 Innovation Protection Act had 16 cosponsors (10 Democrats and 6 Republicans).

H.R. 1832 currently has 22 cosponsors (18 Democrats and 4 Republicans). Govtrack gives the bill a 5% chance of being enacted.[35] The legislation is currently in the House Judiciary Committee.

Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX18) is a cosponsor for the H.R. 1832, and was a cosponsor for H.R. 3349 (2013).[36]

• Patent Fee Integrity Act

The Patent Fee Integrity Act (S. 2146)[37], proposed by Sen. Feinstein, D-CA on 3/13/14, creates a revolving fund known as the United States Patent and Trademark Office Innovation Promotion Fund. This piece of legislation is identical to the aforementioned Innovation Protection Act through its power delegation, termination of existing USPTO accounts, and annual reports.

The bill was referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee and subsequently died. S. 2146 had 4 cosponsors (1 Democrat and 3 Republicans). No reintroduction of the bill has happened during the current session.

Fee Diversion

The USPTO's funding process through congressional appropriations left the Office subject to "fee diversions," a process of taking excess funds accumulated by the USPTO but not requested in the annual budget and appropriating them to the general Treasury fund. All fees collected by the USPTO must be credited to the Patent and Trademark Office Appropriations Account, from which the USPTO may take money that has been appropriated by Congress and see all excess funds appropriated elsewhere.

This practice of fee diversion helped other sectors of the federal government cover additional expenses without exceeding appropriation limits. The USPTO reacted to this practice by closely estimating expected revenue and matching this estimate with its annual appropriations proposal for Congress.

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1990[38] established the USPTO as a fully fee funded organization.

The Leahy-Smith Act America Invents Act created a USPTO reserve fund to hold excess fees collected in a given fiscal year. Although the reserve fund balance may only be appropriated to USPTO activities, the director of the USPTO must still petition Congress to use these funds in its annual budget request.

Contact Information

Office Locations

• Alexandria, VA:

USPTO Madison Building

600 Dulany Street

Alexandria , VA 22314

• Detroit, MI:

300 River Place South

Suite 2900

Detroit, MI 48207

Online Locations

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