Women in Entrepreneurship Lit Review

See Also

Trump and Women in Entrepreneurship is largely NOT about Trump and has some additional literature.

new lit review - needs to be organized

Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP

 @article{ahern_changing_2012,
 title = {The {Changing} of the {Boards}: {The} {Impact} on {Firm} {Valuation} of {Mandated} {Female} {Board} {Representation}},
 volume = {127},
 issn = {0033-5533},
 shorttitle = {The {Changing} of the {Boards}},
 url = {https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/127/1/137/1832366/The-Changing-of-the-Boards-The-Impact-on-Firm},
 doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr049},
 number = {1},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
 author = {Ahern, Kenneth R. and Dittmar, Amy K.},
 month = feb,
 year = {2012},
 pages = {137--197}
 }

 @article{brush_exploration_2001,
 title = {Exploration of the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}: {Is} {Gender} an {Issue}?},
 shorttitle = {Exploration of the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}},
 url = {http://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/eshppw/17},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Brush, Candida},
 month = jan,
 year = {2001},
 file = {Untitled Attachment:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/FBFSEK3R/Brush - 2001 - Exploration of the Venture Capital Industry Is Ge.html:text/html}
 }

 @techreport{brush_gatekeepers_2004,
 address = {Rochester, NY},
 type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
 title = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}},
 shorttitle = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}},
 url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385},
 abstract = {Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision},
 number = {ID 1260385},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 institution = {Social Science Research Network},
 author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra},
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers, Venture capital, Venture capitalists},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/XD84WIHI/Brush et al. - 2004 - Gatekeepers of Venture Growth A Diana Project Rep.html:text/html}
 }

 @techreport{brush_diana_2008,
 address = {Rochester, NY},
 type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
 title = {The {Diana} {Project}: {Women} {Business} {Owners} and {Equity} {Capital}: {The} {Myths} {Dispelled}},
 shorttitle = {The {Diana} {Project}},
 url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1262312},
 abstract = {This report from the Diana Project explores the extent of equity investments in women-owned businesses. Surveyed were 1,700 applicants to the 2000 Springboard f},
 number = {ID 1262312},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 institution = {Social Science Research Network},
 author = {Brush, Candy and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra},
 month = sep,
 year = {2008},
 keywords = {Equity capital, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Firm growth, Gender, Venture capital}
 }

 @article{brush_role_2002,
 title = {The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: {A} framework for future research},
 volume = {4},
 issn = {1369-1066},
 shorttitle = {The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms},
 url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369106022000024897},
 doi = {10.1080/1369106022000024897},
 abstract = {Equity capital fuels growth companies and yields high returns for investors. The process of equity investment and ultimate harvesting of innovative companies has created significant wealth among fund investors, venture capitalists, angels and new entrepreneurs. Extensive research investigates all phases of the venture capital investment process, industry characteristics and returns to investors. Surprisingly absent from current research are studies including women, on both the supply (equity provider) and demand (equity seeker) sides. Women make significant contributions to the US economy in the workforce and as business owners, yet research about women as recipients of equity capital and providers of equity is extremely scarce. This raises a question–are women being left out of the wealth creation process? Our paper addresses this question by exploring women's role in supply and demand of equity capital. We utilize a social capital perspective to develop a conceptual framework and focus our analysis on early stage and angel investment. The paper concludes with directions for future research.},
 number = {4},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth},
 month = oct,
 year = {2002},
 keywords = {Business Angels, Social Capital, Venture Capital, Venture Capitalists, Women Entrepreneurs},
 pages = {305--323},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/SIT8QJDS/Brush et al. - 2002 - The role of social capital and gender in linking f.html:text/html}
 }

 @article{brush_use_2006,
 title = {The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in positioning for growth},
 volume = {8},
 issn = {1369-1066},
 url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691060500433975},
 doi = {10.1080/13691060500433975},
 abstract = {The number of women entrepreneurs is rising rapidly and many are creating substantial businesses. For most women-led ventures, growth is funded by personal investment and debt, although a small percentage draw on private equity investment to fuel high growth. Of those that seek growth, not only do they face higher obstacles in obtaining capital, but little is known about ways they position ventures for growth. This paper addresses the question: ‘How do women develop financing strategies to prove the business concept, meet early stage milestones, and demonstrate to external investors the value and potential of their businesses?’ Data are drawn from phone interviews with 88 US female entrepreneurs seeking an equity investment to grow their businesses. The analysis examines the correspondence between bootstrapping and stage of business development. Results show significant differences in the use of bootstrap options utilized by women-led ventures depending on stage of business development. Companies that have not achieved sales were more likely to emphasize bootstrapping to reduce labour, while those companies with greater sales were more likely to minimize cost of operations. Implications for future research and education are suggested.},
 number = {1},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Brush, Professor Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M.},
 month = jan,
 year = {2006},
 keywords = {bootsrapping, growth, private equity, Women entrepreneurs},
 pages = {15--31},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/7EFAH2QI/Brush et al. - 2006 - The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in.html:text/html}
 }

Interviews of women entreps about growth strategy

 @article{chaganti_management_1986,
 title = {Management in {Women}-{Owned} {Enterprises}},
 volume = {24},
 issn = {0047-2778},
 url = {https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-4587541/management-in-women-owned-enterprises},
 abstract = {MANAGEMENT IN WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISES According to recent statistics, women are starting small...},
 language = {eng},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Small Business Management},
 author = {Chaganti, Radha},
 month = oct,
 year = {1986},
 pages = {18},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UKSZF5DF/Chaganti - 1986 - Management in Women-Owned Enterprises.html:text/html}
 }

"entrepreneurial mode" vs "feminine mode" of leadership for women-owned enterprises (WOEs), in-depth analysis of 8 WOEs

 @article{chrisman_comparison_1990,
 title = {A comparison of assistance needs of male and female pre-venture entrepreneurs},
 volume = {5},
 issn = {0883-9026},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269090019P},
 doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(90)90019-P},
 abstract = {In spite of the proliferation of studies of female entrepreneurs, few researchers have attempted to directly compare female and male entrepreneurs in terms of their problems, the assistance received in addressing these problems, the value of outside consulting services, and the number of startups subsequent to counseling. Such studies are needed, not only to determine if there are differences in the problems male and female entrepreneurs face, but more importantly, to determine if any of these differences affect the successful development of new ventures. The fact that the SBA recently established a special training program for women entrepreneurs funded by a new \$10 million grant, approved by Congress in 1988 (H.R. 5050), makes the issue even more timely and pertinent. To address this issue, this article compares samples of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs who received consulting assistance from a state-level Small Business Development Center (SBDC). The two groups were compared in terms of: (1) the strategic, administrative, and operating assistance received; (2) their evaluation of the value of the consulting services; and (3) their propensity to initiate ventures after receiving SBDC assistance. The study was based on the results of two surveys of the entire population of 457 long-term pre-venture clients that received counseling from one SBDC state system between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 1987. All clients were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning the kinds of assistance sought, the quality of the service received, and whether or not they subsequently went into business. We received 162 (35.4\%) usable responses, of which 94 were from males (58.0\%) and 68 were from females (42.0\%). T-tests and chi-square tests of independence and goodness-of-fit were used to test hypotheses pertaining to the assistance needs of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Results indicated that male and female clients of the SBDC are virtually identical in terms of their assistance needs. Females do not appear to need more assistance than males, nor do they appear to require different types of assistance. The virtually identical ratings of service value among males and females also indicates that both genders are equally satisfied with the assistance received. Taken together, these findings suggest that females suffer no significant entrepreneurial disadvantages compared to males. If they had, it would be logical to assume that females, who received the same types and amounts of assistance as males, would find such levels of service inadequate, and consequently, rate it less favorably. Furthermore, the fact that the proportion of female clients was statistically equal to the proportion of net new businesses operated by women refutes the notion that general-assistance programs such as the SBDC are not equally accessible to both genders. The fact that female client start-ups were significantly higher than their proportional representation in the region further supports this conclusion. The primary implication for public policy makers and outside consultants is that little evidence exists to warrant special treatment or special programs for females, especially at a cost of \$10 million. In terms of research implications, our results suggest that it would be better if future studies concentrated on behaviors and strategic factors affecting the performance of new ventures (whether male-or female-owned), rather than merely comparing the characteristics of the entrepreneurs who start them.},
 number = {4},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
 author = {Chrisman, James J. and Carsrud, Alan L. and DeCastro, Julio and Herron, Lanny},
 month = jul,
 year = {1990},
 pages = {235--248},
 file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/2KEMBAB6/Chrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/9BBM2EQV/Chrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.html:text/html}
 }

Survey of participants in state-level Small Business Development Center programs (U.S.) Pre-venture Men & women entreps have same needs

 @article{de_bruin_advancing_2007,
 title = {Advancing a {Framework} for {Coherent} {Research} on {Women}'s {Entrepreneurship}},
 volume = {31},
 issn = {1540-6520},
 url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x/abstract},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x},
 language = {en},
 number = {3},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice},
 author = {De Bruin, Anne and Brush, Candida G. and Welter, Friederike},
 month = may,
 year = {2007},
 pages = {323--339},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/HARBD3QD/De Bruin et al. - 2007 - Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Wom.html:text/html}
 }

 @misc{noauthor_female-founded_nodate,
 title = {Female-founded, {VC}-funded: {The} numbers behind venture investment in women [datagraphic] {\textbar} {PitchBook} {News}},
 shorttitle = {Female-founded, {VC}-funded},
 url = {https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/female-founded-vc-funded-the-numbers-behind-venture-investment-in-women-datagraphic},
 abstract = {In honor of Women’s History Month, we’re releasing a collection of data on female-founded companies with VC backing.},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/VVKVZBFS/Female-founded, VC-funded The numbers behind vent.html:text/html}
 }

 @article{greene_patterns_2001,
 title = {Patterns of venture capital funding: {Is} gender a factor?},
 volume = {3},
 issn = {1369-1066},
 shorttitle = {Patterns of venture capital funding},
 url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691060118175},
 doi = {10.1080/13691060118175},
 abstract = {Since the early 1980s, new ventures with high growth potential and large capital needs have found an ever-increasing pool of venture capital available to support their growth. However, the flow of venture capital investment to women-led businesses remains meager in spite of the fact that in the US and Europe an increasing number of businesses are owned by women. The apparent disparity between potential investment opportunity and actual deals made between venture capital firms and women-led businesses raises the question of whether gender is an issue. The majority of venture capital studies investigate equity funds flows, investor criteria and the nature of the investor-investee relationship. Research on women entrepreneurs focuses on psychological dimensions, business characteristics and performance. Questions about the intersection of gender and venture capital financing are largely unexamined. This exploratory study utilizes longitudinal data to track US venture capital investments by proportion, stage, industry and gender. The descriptive statistics and our analysis of the findings suggest several hypotheses to explain the apparent gender gap.},
 number = {1},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Greene, Patricia G. and Brush, Candida G. and Hart, Myra M. and Saparito, Patrick},
 month = jan,
 year = {2001},
 keywords = {Gender, Human Capital, Strategic Choice, Structural Barriers},
 pages = {63--83},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DPQSX9X2/Greene et al. - 2001 - Patterns of venture capital funding Is gender a f.html:text/html}
 }

 @article{gundry_ambitious_2001,
 title = {The ambitious entrepreneur: {High} growth strategies of women-owned enterprises},
 volume = {16},
 issn = {0883-9026},
 shorttitle = {The ambitious entrepreneur},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902699000592},
 doi = {10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00059-2},
 abstract = {During the last two decades, researchers have sought to develop categories of entrepreneurs and their businesses along a variety of dimensions to better comprehend and analyze the entrepreneurial growth process. Some of this research has focused on differences related to industrial sectors, firm size, the geographical region in which a business is located, the use of high-technology or low-technology, and the life-cycle stage of the firm (i.e., start-up vs. more mature, formalized companies). Researchers have also considered ways in which entrepreneurs can be differentiated from small business managers. One of these classifications is based on the entrepreneur's desire to grow the business rapidly. This is the focus of our study. To date, the media have paid considerable attention to rapidly growing new ventures. However, still lacking are large-scale research studies guided by theory through which we can expand our knowledge of the underlying factors supporting ambitious expansion plans. Some research has identified factors that enhance or reduce the willingness of the entrepreneur to grow the business. Factors include the strategic origin of the business (i.e., the methods and paths through which the firm was founded); previous experience of the founder/owner; and the ability of the entrepreneur to set realistic, measurable goals and to manage conflict effectively. Our study attempted to identify the strategic paths chosen by entrepreneurs and the relation of those paths to the growth orientation of the firm. The entrepreneurs sampled in this study are women entrepreneurs across a wide range of industrial sectors. Recent reviews of entrepreneurship research have suggested the need for more studies comparing high-growth firms with slower-growth firms to better delineate their differences in strategic choices and behaviors. Our study sought to answer the following questions: What characterizes a “high growth-oriented entrepreneur?” Is this distinction associated with specific strategic intentions, prior experience, equity held in previous firms, the type of company structure in place, or success factors the entrepreneur perceives are important to the business? Do “high growth” entrepreneurs show greater entrepreneurial “intensity” (i.e., commitment to the firm's success)? Are they willing to “pay the price” for their own and their firm's success? (i.e., the “opportunity costs” associated with business success and growth). Other relationships under investigation included different patterns of financing the business' start-up and early growth. Do “high-growth” entrepreneurs use unique sources of funding compared with “lower-growth” entrepreneurs? Eight hundred thirty-two entrepreneurs responded to a survey in which they were asked to describe their growth intentions along nineteen strategic dimensions, as well as respond to the foregoing questions. Some of the strategic activity measures included adding a new product or service, expanding operations, selling to a new market, and applying for a loan to expand operations. Actual growth rates based on sales revenues were calculated, and average annualized growth rates of the industrial sectors represented in the sample were obtained. This study showed that high-growth-oriented entrepreneurs were clearly different from low-growth-oriented entrepreneurs along several dimensions. The former were much more likely to select strategies for their firms that permitted greater focus on market expansion and new technologies, to exhibit greater intensity towards business ownership (“my business is the most important activity in my life”), and to be willing to incur greater opportunity costs for the success of their firms (“I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salary while employed by someone else”). The high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs tended to have a more structured approach to organizing their businesses, which suggests a more disciplined perception of managing the firm. In summary, results showed the group of high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs, labeled “ambitious,” as having the following distinctions: strategic intentions that emphasize market growth and technological change, stronger commitment to the success of the business, greater willingness to sacrifice on behalf of the business, earlier planning for the growth of the business, utilization of a team-based form of organization design, concern for reputation and quality, adequate capitalization, strong leadership, and utilization of a wider range of financing sources for the expansion of the venture. The purpose in uncovering these differences is to enable entrepreneurs and researchers to identify more clearly the attributes of rapid-growth ventures and their founders and to move closer to a field-based model of the entrepreneurial growth process which will help delineate the alternative paths to venture growth and organizational change.},
 number = {5},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
 author = {Gundry, Lisa K and Welsch, Harold P},
 month = sep,
 year = {2001},
 pages = {453--470},
 file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/98R9EGFM/Gundry and Welsch - 2001 - The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/5VID9HCF/Gundry and Welsch - 2001 - The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.html:text/html}
 }

survey of women entreps, are they interested in HTHG?

 @article{harrison_does_2007,
 title = {Does {Gender} {Matter}? {Women} {Business} {Angels} and the {Supply} of {Entrepreneurial} {Finance}},
 volume = {31},
 issn = {1540-6520},
 shorttitle = {Does {Gender} {Matter}?},
 url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.x/abstract},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.x},
 abstract = {There is a substantial literature on the relationship between gender and access to finance. However, most studies have been concerned with access to debt finance. More recently, the focus of this research has broadened to examine women and venture capital. This article extends the focus further by examining the role of women in the business angel market, which is more important than the formal venture capital market in terms of both the number of ventures supported and total capital flows. Based on a detailed analysis of business angels in the U.K., the study concludes that women investors who are active in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respects. Future research into women business angels, and the possible existence of gender differences, needs to be based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies that focus on the experience of the woman angel investor per se, and center on the examination of the role of homophily, social capital, networking, and competition in investment behavior.},
 language = {en},
 number = {3},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice},
 author = {Harrison, Richard T. and Mason, Colin M.},
 month = may,
 year = {2007},
 pages = {445--472},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/QUVINADF/Harrison and Mason - 2007 - Does Gender Matter Women Business Angels and the .html:text/html}
 }

 @book{hart_emergence_2003,
 title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}},
 isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3},
 shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}},
 abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.},
 language = {en},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 author = {Hart, David M.},
 month = oct,
 year = {2003},
 note = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C},
 keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy, Social Science / Sociology / General}
 }

 @article{kim_klyver_entrepreneurial_2007,
 title = {Entrepreneurial network composition: {An} analysis across venture development stage and gender},
 volume = {22},
 issn = {0964-9425},
 shorttitle = {Entrepreneurial network composition},
 url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/09649420710836344},
 doi = {10.1108/09649420710836344},
 number = {8},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Women in Management Review},
 author = {{Kim Klyver} and {Siri Terjesen}},
 month = nov,
 year = {2007},
 pages = {682--688},
 file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/KUW4S3SB/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UIR9JTUZ/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.html:text/html}
 }

Papers using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data

 @article{menzies_examining_2004,
 title = {Examining {Venture}-related {Myths} {Concerning} {Women} {Entrepreneurs}},
 volume = {9},
 copyright = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 2004},
 issn = {10849467},
 url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/208428310/abstract/E7779CA6B1314111PQ/1},
 abstract = {Despite the increasing number of women who are starting businesses, distinct hurdles exist for them. For instance, there is a lower occurrence of females as business owners and a paucity of academic research on the topic of female entrepreneurs. Another major hurdle is the presence of "derogatory myths" like those specified in the U.S. Diana Project. A random sample of nascent entrepreneurs in Canada is utilized to examine these myths about women entrepreneurs. Although many of the myths were unsubstantiated, the findings show that perhaps women do not have the right educational background to start large businesses and they may be starting businesses unattractive to venture capitalists. These findings are a clear wake-up call for the implementation of new programs and policies to increase the number of females studying computer and engineering sciences and to encourage and nurture a higher incidence of females as lead entrepreneurs. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
 language = {English},
 number = {2},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; Norfolk},
 author = {Menzies, Teresa V. and Diochon, Monica and Gasse, Yvon},
 month = aug,
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {Business And Economics, Education, Entrepreneurs, Gender equity, Studies, Women owned businesses},
 pages = {89--107},
 file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/F7FGQ8IA/Menzies et al. - 2004 - Examining Venture-related Myths Concerning Women E.pdf:application/pdf}
 }

 @article{morris_dilemma_2006,
 title = {The {Dilemma} of {Growth}: {Understanding} {Venture} {Size} {Choices} of {Women} {Entrepreneurs}},
 volume = {44},
 issn = {1540-627X},
 shorttitle = {The {Dilemma} of {Growth}},
 url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x/abstract},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x},
 abstract = {In recent years the number of women-owned firms with employees has expanded at three times the rate of all employer firms. Yet women remain underrepresented in their proportion of high-growth firms. A number of plausible explanations exist. To develop richer insights, a two-stage research project was undertaken. A mail survey was sent to a sample of female entrepreneurs to assess motives, obstacles, goals and aspirations, needs, and business identity. Based on the survey results, follow-up, in-depth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs, selecting equally from modest-growth and high-growth ventures. In terms of quantitative findings, growth orientation was associated with whether a woman was “pushed” or “pulled” into entrepreneurship, was motivated by wealth or achievement factors, had a strong women's identity in the venture, had equity partners, and believed women faced unique selling obstacles. The qualitative research made clear that modest- and high-growth entrepreneurs differ in how they view themselves, their families, their ventures, and the larger environment. The results of both stages suggest that growth is a deliberate choice and that women have a clear sense of the costs and benefits of growth and make careful trade-off decisions.},
 language = {en},
 number = {2},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Small Business Management},
 author = {Morris, Michael H. and Miyasaki, Nola N. and Watters, Craig E. and Coombes, Susan M.},
 month = apr,
 year = {2006},
 pages = {221--244},
 file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/BNJ4C7HC/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/MHXNUBKG/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .html:text/html}
 }

 @article{shrader_women_1997,
 title = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}: {An} {Exploratory} {Study}},
 volume = {9},
 issn = {1045-3695},
 shorttitle = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}},
 url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604152},
 abstract = {This study explores relationships of women in management positions with firm financial performance. Utilizing the resource-based theory of competitive advantage, as well as stakeholder and diversity arguments, we hypothesize that firms employing greater percentages of women managers at the general management, top management, and board of director levels will experience relatively better financial performance. Examining data from the Wall Street Journal for 200 large firms, we find positive relationships between the firm's total percentage of women managers and ROS, ROA, ROI, and ROE. High percentages of women top managers and board members did not predict performance.},
 number = {3},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Managerial Issues},
 author = {Shrader, Charles B. and Blackburn, Virginia B. and Iles, Paul},
 year = {1997},
 pages = {355--372}
 }

 @article{sass_rubin_venture_2010,
 title = {Venture {Capital} and {Underserved} {Communities}},
 volume = {45},
 issn = {1078-0874},
 url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1078087410361574},
 doi = {10.1177/1078087410361574},
 abstract = {Access to equity capital is critical for the growth of businesses, especially for young companies, which lack the cash flows necessary to repay loans. To meet this need, a thriving venture capital industry has evolved, fostering job creation, economic growth, and innovation in the United States. Not all companies, however, have been equally able to access such investments. Firms owned by women and people of color and those located in rural and distressed urban regions of the country have been underserved by the venture capital industry. This note analyzes the factors responsible for this and proposes policies designed to ensure a more equitable economic landscape.},
 language = {en},
 number = {6},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Urban Affairs Review},
 author = {Sass Rubin, Julia},
 month = jul,
 year = {2010},
 pages = {821--835},
 file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/GQM5CSIW/Sass Rubin - 2010 - Venture Capital and Underserved Communities.pdf:application/pdf}
 }

 @article{sila_women_2016,
 title = {Women on board: {Does} boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?},
 volume = {36},
 issn = {0929-1199},
 shorttitle = {Women on board},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119915001248},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.10.003},
 abstract = {We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect of gender on risk, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Journal of Corporate Finance},
 author = {Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica and Hagendorff, Jens},
 month = feb,
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {Board of directors, Endogeneity, Equity risk, Gender diversity},
 pages = {26--53},
 file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/TVIJSMZQ/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/463QZXFT/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.html:text/html}
 }

 @misc{teare_first_nodate,
 title = {The first comprehensive study on women in venture capital and their impact on female founders},
 url = {http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/04/19/the-first-comprehensive-study-on-women-in-venture-capital/},
 abstract = {The CrunchBase Women in Venture report is the third study in our ongoing analysis of women and their participation in the startup ecosystem. This report..},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {TechCrunch},
 author = {Teare, Gené and Desmond, Ned},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DN65KRJK/Teare and Desmond - The first comprehensive study on women in venture .html:text/html}
 }

 @article{teresa_nelson_women_2009,
 title = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the shadow negotiation},
 volume = {1},
 issn = {1756-6266},
 shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital},
 url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/17566260910942345},
 doi = {10.1108/17566260910942345},
 number = {1},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
 author = {{Teresa Nelson} and {Sylvia Maxfield} and {Deborah Kolb}},
 month = mar,
 year = {2009},
 pages = {57--76},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/SJKTSKCI/Teresa Nelson et al. - 2009 - Women entrepreneurs and venture capital managing .html:text/html}
 }

Interview women who have received or are in process of negotiating VC Process appears gender neutral but may not be; "shadow negotiating"

 @misc{noauthor_pg_nodate,
 type = {Text},
 title = {Pg 22 {\textbar} {Corporate} {Governance}},
 url = {http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/topics/corporate-governance},
 abstract = {Pg 22 {\textbar} Leadership at the top of corporations shapes companies, communities, and societies. A gender-diverse board of directors and senior leadership team (C-suite) will help corporations lead and manage sustainable, effective business strategies, role model employee opportunities, and enhance their reputation.},
 urldate = {2017-03-28},
 journal = {Catalyst},
 file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/5KCNCMT3/Pg 22  Corporate Governance.html:text/html}
 }

data found by other studies

Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP

 @article{ahl2006metaresearch},
 title={Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions},
 author={Ahl, Helene},
 journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}
 volume={30}
 Issue={5}
 page={595-621}
 abstract={Research articles on women's entrepreneurship reveal, in spite of intentions to the contrary and in spite of inconclusive research results, a tendency to recreate the idea of women as being secondary to men and of women's businesses being of less significance or, at best, as being a complement. Based on a discourse analysis, this article discusses what research practices cause these results. It suggests new research directions that do not reproduce women's subordination but capture more and richer aspects of women's entrepreneurship.},
 URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x/full}
 }

Has some interesting meta-theories that we could apply to our research of women in entrepreneurship.

@article{cetindmar2011turkey},
 title={What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey},
 author={Cetindamar, Dilek},
 journal={Journal of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development}
 volume={24}
 issue={1,2}
 page={29-51}
 year={2011}
 abstract={Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital – human, family and financial – in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings suggest that to encourage entrepreneurship in Turkey, policy-makers should emphasize access to human and financial capital. Furthermore, findings suggest that women's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur will be especially encouraged if they have increased access to education, as well as the skills necessary to take advantage of their family capital.},
URL={https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-4587543/why-more-women-are-becoming-entrepreneurs}
}

Unfortunately, this study was done in Turkey but they found that "No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur"

 @article{scottincrease},
 title={Why More Women Are Becoming Entrepreneurs},
 author={Scott, Carole E.},
 journal={Journal of Small Business Management}
 abstract={From 1972 to 1982 the number of self-employed women in the United States increased by 69 percent. This represented a rate of increase five times greater than that for men in the same period. From 1977 to 1980 the proportion of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by women increased from 22.6 percent to 26.1 percent. In addition, the number of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by couples soared from 284,405 in 1981 to 440,000 in 1982. To find out why women are turning to entrepreneurship in increasing numbers, two surveys were conducted: one of women entrepreneurs in the state of Georgia, and another of both male and female entrepreneurs in the Atlanta area for purposes of comparison.},
 URL={https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-4587543/why-more-women-are-becoming-entrepreneurs}
 }

Says number of self-employed women skyrocketed between 1972-1982 (of course, this could just be because more women were entering the workplace in general during this time).

Research for women on boards specifically

Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP

 @article{ahern2012valuation},
 title={The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation},
 author={Ahern, Kenneth and Dittmar, Amy},
 journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics}
 year={2012}
 abstract={In 2003, a new law required that 40% of Norwegian firms' directors be women—at the time only 9% of directors were women. We use the prequota cross-sectional variation in female board representation to instrument for exogenous changes to corporate boards following the quota. We find that the constraint imposed by the quota caused a significant drop in the stock price at the announcement of the law and a large decline in Tobin's Q over the following years, consistent with the idea that firms choose boards to maximize value. The quota led to younger and less experienced boards, increases in leverage and acquisitions, and deterioration in operating performance.},
 URL={https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/127/1/137/1832366/The-Changing-of-the-Boards-The-Impact-on-Firm?redirectedFrom=fulltext}
 }

This study from Norway but is interesting still

 @article{rose2007danishboards},
 title={Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence},
 author={Rose, Caspar},
 journal={Corporate Governance: An International Review}
 volume={15}
 Issue={2}
 page={404-413}
 abstract={Board diversity has become a major issue within corporate governance where a number of studies seek to explore the impact of diversity on firm performance. The debate focuses on questions such as whether a corporation’s board should reflect the firm’s stakeholders or be more in line with society in general. This article uses a sample of listed Danish firms during the period of 1998–2001 in a cross sectional analysis. Despite that fact that Denmark has gone very far in the liberalisation of women, Danish board rooms are still to a large extent dominated by men. Contrary to a number of other studies, this article does not find any significant link between firm performance as measured by Tobin’s Q and female board representation. This is also the case for board members’ educational background as well as the proportion of foreigners. It is argued that board members with an unconventional background are socialised unconsciously adopting the ideas of the majority of conventional board members, which entails that a potential performance effect does not materialise.},
 URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00570.x/full}
 }

Unfortunately is a Danish study. But, Danish board rooms are still to a large extent dominated by men. Contrary to a number of other studies, this article does not find any significant link between firm performance as measured by Tobin’s Q and female board representation.

 @article{sila2016firmrisk},
 title={Women on board: Does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?},
 author={Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica},
 journal={Journal of Corporate Finance}
 volume={36}
 page={26-53}
 abstract={We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect of gender on risk, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.},
 URL={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119915001248}
 }

No evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk

External factors that could explain the data

Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP

 @article{birley1987training},
 title={Do Women Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?},
 author={Birley, Sue, Moss, Caroline, Peter, Saunders},
 journal={American Journal of Small Business},
 year={1987},
 abstract={This paper analyzes the characteristics of male and female participants attending pioneering entrepreneurship development programs, which form part of an economic strategy directed at increasing the quality and quantfty of new firms. The participants did not need to have a business plan, finance available or formal education, but must have had a “reasonably feasible idea”. The results show significant differences between the characteristics of the male and female entrepreneurs, and the businesses which they form. .}, 
 URL={https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/137594.pdf}
 }

This discusses the different characteristics of male and female entrepreneurs.

 @article{carter1992family},
 title={Women as Entrepreneurs : A Study of Female Business Owners, Their Motivations, Experiences and Strategies for Success},
 author={Carter, Sara and Cannon, Tom},
 year={1992},
 abstract={Intended for business and academic libraries, this book provides case studies of women entrepreneurs. It considers problems which are specific to women in business; these include raising finances, finding clients, and the simultaneous management of domestic commitments, especially childcare.},
 filename={Carter et al (1992) - Women as Entrepreneurs: A Study of Female Business Owners, Their Motivations, Experiences, and Strategies for Success}
 URL={http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47694/}
 }

This examines reasons women may or may not become business owners.

 @article{cohoon2010differences},
 title={Are Successful Women Entrepreneurs Different from Men?},
 author={Cohoon, J, Wadhwa, Vivek, Mitchell, Lesa},
 journal={Journal of Small Business Management},
 pages={1-16}
 year={2010},
 abstract={Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little about female entrepreneurs, and our ignorance of this important demographic is a serious blind spot in any effort to increase the total number of entrepreneurs participating in our economy. What little we do know suggests that women are not nearly as active in the entrepreneurial space as they could be. This study attempts to address part of this knowledge gap. This based on data were collected in 2008-2009 from 549 respondents from randomly selected high-tech companies who were invited to participate. It compares the backgrounds, and experiences and motivations of men and women entrepreneurs.  Our findings show that successful women and men entrepreneurs are similar in almost every respect. They had equivalent levels of education (slightly less than half earned graduate degrees), early interest in starting their own business (about half had at least some interest), a strong desire to build wealth or capitalize on a business idea, access to funding, and they largely agreed on the top issues and challenges facing any entrepreneur. The data also identify some small but potentially informative gender differences among successful entrepreneurs. For instance, motivations for starting a business differed slightly between men and women. The latter were more likely to cite a business partner’s encouragement as a key incentive to take the plunge. Women also were more likely than men to get early funding from their business partners.}
 URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar}
 }

This study found that male and female entrepreneurs don't differ too much psychologically, only minutely in their reasons for starting a business. Kauffman fdn funded Survey of founders of HTHG companies Successful men & women very similar, but small differences-women more likely to get funding & encouragement from business partner. Women estimate likelihood of success based on prior experience. Conclusion: women entreps need access to mentors 7 support networks

 @article{demartino2003mba},
 title={Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators?},
 author={DeMartino, Richard, Barbato, Robert},
 journal={Journal of Business Venturing},
 volume={18}
 pages={815-832}
 issue={6}
 year={2003},
 abstract={Previous research into gender differences among entrepreneurs has yielded varied explanations as to why female entrepreneurs differ from male entrepreneurs. This study explores motivational differences using a sample of MBA entrepreneurs. This allows comparisons between male and female entrepreneurs, who are similar in terms of business education, educational credentials, and other important variables. Logistic regression is used to measure the relationship between career motivators and gender and between career motivators and gender adjusted for marital status and the presence of dependent children. The study concludes that differences between female and male entrepreneurs become larger if the entrepreneurs are married with dependent children.}
 URL={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088390260300003X}
 }

Study found that differences between male/female entrepreneurs largest when they're married with dependent children as opposed to unmarried.

 @article{langowitz2007propensity},
 title={The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women},
 author={Langowitz, Nan and Minniti, Maria},
 year={2007},
 journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}
 volume={31}
 issue={3}
 pages={341-364}
 abstract={Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important source of employment for women across many countries. The level of female involvement in entrepreneurial activity, however, is still significantly lower than that of men. We take a behavioral economics approach and, using a large sample of individuals in 17 countries, we investigate what variables influence the entrepreneurial propensity of women and whether those variables have a significant correlation with differences across genders. In addition to demographic and economic variables, we include a number of perceptual variables. Our results show that subjective perceptual variables have a crucial influence on the entrepreneurial propensity of women and account for much of the difference in entrepreneurial activity between the sexes. Specifically, we find that women tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation. Our results suggest that perceptual variables may be significant universal factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior.},
 URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.x/full}
 }

Papers using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data Women tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation.

 @article{zapalska1997psychpoland},
 title={A profile of woman entrepreneurs and enterprises in Poland},
 author={Zapalska, Alina},
 journal={Journal of Small Business Management},
 pages={76-82}
 year={1997},
 abstract={A study investigates whether Polish female entrepreneurs possess the characteristics required for effective performance as entrepreneurs. Trait analysis suggests that there are no significant differences between the psychological propensities of successful female and male entrepreneurs. The study also explores the types of businesses started by Polish women, their business objectives, and the relationship between the entrepreneur's background and the entrepreneur's decision to start a new venture.}
 URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar}
 }

This study found that male and female entrepreneurs don't differ too much psychologically (compared to the study cited above).

Impacts from less women in VC/entrepreneurship fields

All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren

@article{pines2011financialcrisis},
 title={Gender differences in entrepreneurship: Equality, diversity and inclusion in times of global crisis},
 author={Pines, Ayala, Lerner, Miri, Schwartz, Dafna},
 journal={Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion: An International Journal},
 year={2010},
 abstract={In 2008, the world had undergone a global economic crisis. Since women always face greater difficulties in obtaining capital than men, the economic crisis had a greater effect on them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of the global crisis for women's entrepreneurship, from the perspective of equality, diversity and inclusion.}
URL={http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/02610151011024493}
}

This study found that the rates of women's entrepreneurship are lower than men's. Furthermore, the percent of women entrepreneurs is higher in countries where the general income per capita is small and where women have no other option for making a living.

Gender Gap in Venture Capital

All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren

 @article{aterido2013access,
 title={Access to finance in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender gap?},
 author={Aterido, Reyes and Beck, Thorsten and Iacovone, Leonardo},
 journal={World Development},
 volume={47},
 pages={102--120},
 year={2013},
 publisher={Elsevier}
 }

 @article{alsos2006new,
 title={New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men-and women-led businesses},
 author={Alsos, Gry Agnete and Isaksen, Espen John and Ljunggren, Elisabet},
 journal={Entrepreneurship theory and practice},
 volume={30},
 number={5},
 pages={667--686},
 year={2006},
 publisher={Wiley Online Library}
 }

 @article{baughn2006normative,
 title={The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneruship: A multicountry study},
 author={Baughn, C Christopher and Chua, Bee-Leng and Neupert, Kent E},
 journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice},
 volume={30},
 number={5},
 pages={687--708},
 year={2006},
 publisher={Wiley Online Library}
 }

 @article{brooks2014investors,
 title={Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men},
 author={Brooks, Alison Wood and Huang, Laura and Kearney, Sarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E},
 journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
 volume={111},
 number={12},
 pages={4427--4431},
 year={2014},
 publisher={National Acad Sciences}
 }

Funders (both high experienced & non experienced) prefer pitches by attractive men even when pitch is the same in content.

 @article{brush2009gender,
 title={A gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurship},
 author={Brush, Candida G and De Bruin, Anne and Welter, Friederike},
 journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
 volume={1},
 number={1},
 pages={8--24},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
 }

 @article{brush2004gatekeepers,
 title={Gatekeepers of venture growth: A Diana Project report on the role and participation of women in the venture capital industry},
 author={Brush, Candida G and Carter, Nancy M and Gatewood, Elizabeth J and Greene, Patricia G and Hart, Myra},
 year={2004}
 }

 @article{brush2002role,
 title={The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: a framework for future research},
 author={Brush, Candida G and Carter, Nancy M and Greene, Patricia G and Hart, Myra M and Gatewood, Elizabeth},
 journal={Venture Capital: An international journal of entrepreneurial finance},
 volume={4},
 number={4},
 pages={305--323},
 year={2002},
 publisher={Taylor \& Francis}   
 }

 @article{fairlie2009gender,
 title={Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey},
 author={Fairlie, Robert W and Robb, Alicia M},
 journal={Small Business Economics},
 volume={33},
 number={4},
 pages={375},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Springer}
 }

 @article{kickul2008misalignments,
 title={Are misalignments of perceptions and self-efficacy causing gender gaps in entrepreneurial intentions among our nation's teens?},
 author={Kickul, Jill and Wilson, Fiona and Marlino, Deborah and Barbosa, Saulo D},
 journal={Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development},
 volume={15},
 number={2},
 pages={321--335},
 year={2008},
 publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
 }

 @article{klapper2010gender,
 title={Gender and the business environment for new firm creation},
 author={Klapper, Leora F and Parker, Simon C},
 journal={The World Bank Research Observer},
 volume={26},
 number={2},
 pages={237--257},
 year={2010},
 publisher={Oxford University Press}
 }

 @article{marlow2005all,
 title={All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender},
 author={Marlow, Susan and Patton, Dean},
 journal={Entrepreneurship theory and practice},
 volume={29},
 number={6},
 pages={717--735},
 year={2005},
 publisher={Wiley Online Library}
 }

 @article{mason2009public,
 title={Public policy support for the informal venture capital market in Europe: a critical review},
 author={Mason, Colin M},
 journal={International small business Journal},
 volume={27},
 number={5},
 pages={536--556},
 year={2009},
 publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
 }

 @article{minniti2009gender,
 title={Gender issues in entrepreneurship},
 author={Minniti, Maria and others},
 journal={Foundations and Trends{\textregistered} in Entrepreneurship},
 volume={5},
 number={7--8},
 pages={497--621},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Now Publishers, Inc.}
 }

 @inproceedings{minniti2003women,
 title={Women in entrepreneurship},
 author={Minniti, Maria and Arenius, Pia},
 booktitle={The entrepreneurial advantage of nations: First annual global entrepreneurship symposium},
 volume={29},
 year={2003},
 organization={Citeseer}
 }

 @article{muravyev2009entrepreneurs,
 title={Entrepreneurs' gender and financial constraints: Evidence from international data},
 author={Muravyev, Alexander and Talavera, Oleksandr and Sch{\"a}fer, Dorothea},
 journal={Journal of Comparative Economics},
 volume={37},
 number={2},
 pages={270--286},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Elsevier}
 }

 @article{neergaard2005impact,
 title={The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: a research agenda},
 author={Neergaard, Helle and Shaw, Eleanor and Carter, Sara},
 journal={International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior \& Research},
 volume={11},
 number={5},
 pages={338--357},
 year={2005},
 publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
 }

 @article{nelson2009women,
 title={Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the shadow negotiation},
 author={Nelson, Teresa and Maxfield, Sylvia and Kolb, Deborah},
 journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
 volume={1},
 number={1},
 pages={57--76},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
 }

 @article{robb2012gender,
 title={Gender differences in firm performance: Evidence from new ventures in the United States},
 author={Robb, Alicia M and Watson, John},
 journal={Journal of Business Venturing},
 volume={27},
 number={5},
 pages={544--558},
 year={2012},
 publisher={Elsevier}
 }

 @article{siegel2007rise,
 title={The rise of entrepreneurial activity at universities: organizational and societal implications},
 author={Siegel, Donald S and Wright, Mike and Lockett, Andy},
 journal={Industrial and Corporate Change},
 volume={16},
 number={4},
 pages={489--504},
 year={2007},
 publisher={Oxford University Press}
 }

@article{stephan2007entrepreneurial,
 title={The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap},
 author={Stephan, Paula E and El-Ganainy, Asmaa},
 journal={The Journal of Technology Transfer},
 volume={32},
 number={5},
 pages={475--487},
 year={2007},
 publisher={Springer}
 }

 @article{tinkler2015gender,
 title={Gender and venture capital decision-making: The effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations},
 author={Tinkler, Justine E and Whittington, Kjersten Bunker and Ku, Manwai C and Davies, Andrea Rees},
 journal={Social Science Research},
 volume={51},
 pages={1--16},
 year={2015},
 publisher={Elsevier}
 }

 @article{watson2009gender,
 title={Gender and the SME “finance gap”},
 author={Watson, John and Newby, Rick and Mahuka, Annie},
 journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
 volume={1},
 number={1},
 pages={42--56},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
 }

Gender and Management Style

All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren

Arfken, Deborah E., Stephanie L. Bellar, and Marilyn M. Helms. 2004a. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98. ———. 2004b. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98.

 @article{arfken_ultimate_2004,
 title = {The {Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}: {The} {Presence} of {Women} on {Corporate} {Boards}},
 volume = {50},
 issn = {0167-4544, 1573-0697},
 shorttitle = {The {Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}},
 url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98},
 doi = {10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98},
 abstract = {Has the diversity of corporate boards of directors improved? Should it? What role does diversity play in reducing corporate wrongdoing? Will diversity result in a more focused board of directors or more board autonomy? Examining the state of Tennessee as a case study, the authors collected data on the board composition of publicly traded corporations and compared those data to an original study conducted in 1995. Data indicate only a modest improvement in board diversity. This article discusses reasons for the scarcity of women on boards and concludes that, to enhance strategic decisions, board membership should reflect the corporation's consumer population. Thus, women are a critical but overlooked resource. Areas for future research are also considered.},
 language = {en},
 number = {2},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
 author = {Arfken, Deborah E. and Bellar, Stephanie L. and Helms, Marilyn M.},
 month = mar,
 year = {2004},
 pages = {177--186}
 }

Bass, Bernard M., and Bruce J. Avolio. 1994. “Shatter the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers.” Human Resource Management 33 (4):549–560.

 @article{bass_shatter_1994,
 title = {Shatter the glass ceiling: {Women} may make better managers},
 volume = {33},
 shorttitle = {Shatter the glass ceiling},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Human resource management},
 author = {Bass, Bernard M. and Avolio, Bruce J.},
 year = {1994},
 pages = {549--560}
 }

Burke, Sarah, and Karen M. Collins. 2001. “Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Management Skills.” Women in Management Review 16 (5):244–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420110395728.

 @article{burke_gender_2001,
 title = {Gender differences in leadership styles and management skills},
 volume = {16},
 issn = {0964-9425},
 url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09649420110395728},
 doi = {10.1108/09649420110395728},
 number = {5},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Women in Management Review},
 author = {Burke, Sarah and Collins, Karen M.},
 month = aug,
 year = {2001},
 pages = {244--257}
 }

CLAES, Marie-Thérèse. 1999. “Women, Men and Management Styles.” International Labour Review 138 (4):431–446.

 @article{claes_women_1999,
 title = {Women, men and management styles},
 volume = {138},
 number = {4},
 journal = {International Labour Review},
 author = {CLAES, Marie-Thérèse},
 year = {1999},
 pages = {431--446}
 }

Cotter, David A., Joan M. Hermsen, Seth Ovadia, and Reeve Vanneman. 2001. “The Glass Ceiling Effect.” Social Forces 80 (2):655–681.

 @article{cotter_glass_2001,
 title = {The glass ceiling effect},
 volume = {80},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Social forces},
 author = {Cotter, David A. and Hermsen, Joan M. and Ovadia, Seth and Vanneman, Reeve},
 year = {2001},
 pages = {655--681}
 }

Glass ceiling can be demonstrated in data for women, other types of discrimination work differently

Engen, Marloes L., Rien Leeden, and Tineke M. Willemsen. 2001. “Gender, Context and Leadership Styles: A Field Study.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74 (5):581–598.

 @article{engen_gender_2001,
 title = {Gender, context and leadership styles: {A} field study},
 volume = {74},
 shorttitle = {Gender, context and leadership styles},
 number = {5},
 journal = {Journal of occupational and organizational psychology},
 author = {Engen, Marloes L. and Leeden, Rien and Willemsen, Tineke M.},
 year = {2001},
 pages = {581--598}
 }

Goodman, Jodi S., Dail L. Fields, and Terry C. Blum. 2003. “Cracks in the Glass Ceiling: In What Kinds of Organizations Do Women Make It to the Top?” Group & Organization Management 28 (4):475–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601103251232.

 @article{goodman_cracks_2003,
 title = {Cracks in the {Glass} {Ceiling}: {In} {What} {Kinds} of {Organizations} {Do} {Women} {Make} it to the {Top}?},
 volume = {28},
 issn = {1059-6011},
 shorttitle = {Cracks in the {Glass} {Ceiling}},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601103251232},
 doi = {10.1177/1059601103251232},
 abstract = {This study investigates variables that differentiate work establishments that have women in top management positions from those that do not. Women occupied top management positions in slightly more than half of the 228 medium- to large-sized private sector establishments the authors studied. The authors found that women are more likely to occupy top management ranks in establishments that have more lower level management positions filled by women, have higher management turnover, have lower average management salary levels, place greater emphasis on development and promotion of employees, and operate in nonmanufacturing industries.},
 language = {en},
 number = {4},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Group \& Organization Management},
 author = {Goodman, Jodi S. and Fields, Dail L. and Blum, Terry C.},
 month = dec,
 year = {2003},
 pages = {475--501}
 }

Korabik, Karen, Galen L. Baril, and Carol Watson. 1993. “Managers’ Conflict Management Style and Leadership Effectiveness: The Moderating Effects of Gender.” Sex Roles 29 (5–6):405–420.

 @article{korabik_managers_1993,
 title = {Managers' conflict management style and leadership effectiveness: {The} moderating effects of gender},
 volume = {29},
 shorttitle = {Managers' conflict management style and leadership effectiveness},
 number = {5-6},
 journal = {Sex roles},
 author = {Korabik, Karen and Baril, Galen L. and Watson, Carol},
 year = {1993},
 pages = {405--420}
 }

Mainiero, Lisa A. 1994a. “On Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Political Seasoning of Powerful Women Executives.” Organizational Dynamics 22 (4):5–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(94)90075-2. ———. 1994b. “On Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Political Seasoning of Powerful Women Executives.” Organizational Dynamics 22 (4):5–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(94)90075-2.

 @article{mainiero_breaking_1994,
 title = {On breaking the glass ceiling: {The} political seasoning of powerful women executives},
 volume = {22},
 issn = {0090-2616},
 shorttitle = {On breaking the glass ceiling},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0090261694900752},
 doi = {10.1016/0090-2616(94)90075-2},
 number = {4},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Organizational Dynamics},
 author = {Mainiero, Lisa A.},
 month = mar,
 year = {1994},
 pages = {5--20}
 }

Mattis, Mary C. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs: Out from under the Glass Ceiling.” Women in Management Review 19 (3):154–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420410529861.

 @article{mattis_women_2004,
 title = {Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling},
 volume = {19},
 issn = {0964-9425},
 shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs},
 url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09649420410529861},
 doi = {10.1108/09649420410529861},
 number = {3},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Women in Management Review},
 author = {Mattis, Mary C.},
 month = apr,
 year = {2004},
 pages = {154--163}
 }

Oakley, Judith G. 2000. “Gender-Based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs.” Journal of Business Ethics 27 (4):321–334.

 @article{oakley_gender-based_2000,
 title = {Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: {Understanding} the scarcity of female {CEOs}},
 volume = {27},
 shorttitle = {Gender-based barriers to senior management positions},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Journal of business ethics},
 author = {Oakley, Judith G.},
 year = {2000},
 pages = {321--334}
 }

Powell, Gary N., and D. Anthony Butterfield. 1994. “Investigating the ‘glass Ceiling’ Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management.” Academy of Management Journal 37 (1):68–86.

 @article{powell_investigating_1994,
 title = {Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon: {An} empirical study of actual promotions to top management},
 volume = {37},
 shorttitle = {Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Academy of Management Journal},
 author = {Powell, Gary N. and Butterfield, D. Anthony},
 year = {1994},
 pages = {68--86}
 }

Ragins, Belle Rose, Bickley Townsend, and Mary Mattis. 1998a. “Gender Gap in the Executive Suite: CEOs and Female Executives Report on Breaking the Glass Ceiling.” The Academy of Management Executive 12 (1):28–42. ———. 1998b. “Gender Gap in the Executive Suite: CEOs and Female Executives Report on Breaking the Glass Ceiling.” The Academy of Management Executive 12 (1):28–42.

 @article{ragins_gender_1998,
 title = {Gender gap in the executive suite: {CEOs} and female executives report on breaking the glass ceiling},
 volume = {12},
 shorttitle = {Gender gap in the executive suite},
 number = {1},
 journal = {The Academy of Management Executive},
 author = {Ragins, Belle Rose and Townsend, Bickley and Mattis, Mary},
 year = {1998},
 pages = {28--42}
 }

Rigg, Clare, and John Sparrow. 1994. “Gender, Diversity and Working Styles.” Women in Management Review 9 (1):9–16.

 @article{rigg_gender_1994,
 title = {Gender, diversity and working styles},
 volume = {9},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Women in Management Review},
 author = {Rigg, Clare and Sparrow, John},
 year = {1994},
 pages = {9--16}
 }

Rutherford, Sarah. 2001. “Any Difference? An Analysis of Gender and Divisional Management Styles in a Large Airline.” Gender, Work & Organization 8 (3):326–345.

 @article{rutherford_any_2001,
 title = {Any difference? {An} analysis of gender and divisional management styles in a large airline},
 volume = {8},
 shorttitle = {Any difference?},
 number = {3},
 journal = {Gender, Work \& Organization},
 author = {Rutherford, Sarah},
 year = {2001},
 pages = {326--345}
 }

Smith, Patricia L., and Ellwood F. Oakley. 1997. “Gender-Related Differences in Ethical and Social Values of Business Students: Implications for Management.” Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):37–45.

 @article{smith_gender-related_1997,
 title = {Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: {Implications} for management},
 volume = {16},
 shorttitle = {Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
 author = {Smith, Patricia L. and Oakley, Ellwood F.},
 year = {1997},
 pages = {37--45}
 }

Statham, Anne. 1987. “The Gender Model Revisited: Differences in the Management Styles of Men and Women.” Sex Roles 16 (7–8):409–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289552.

 @article{statham_gender_1987,
 title = {The gender model revisited: {Differences} in the management styles of men and women},
 volume = {16},
 issn = {0360-0025, 1573-2762},
 shorttitle = {The gender model revisited},
 url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00289552},
 doi = {10.1007/BF00289552},
 abstract = {Qualitative data from 22 women and 18 men managers and their secretaries were analyzed to provide insights into gender differences in managerial styles. Traditional management style topologies, based largely on studies of men's behaviors, were called into question. Using an approach that allowed other topologies to emerge from the data, the respondents perceived that women were both task and people oriented, while men appeared image engrossed and autonomy invested. Respondents reported a strong preference for their gender-appropriate model and misunderstanding, even exasperation, with those using the alternative approach. The existence of such different models, especially if unrecognized, would place women at a disadvantage, since their success as managers is usually assessed by men who are likely to have a strong preference for the male-typed approach. The findings also suggest possible modifications to existing measures of managerial styles, particularly a consideration of image-engrossed approaches. Future research is suggested to further explore and confirm these findings.},
 language = {en},
 number = {7-8},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Sex Roles},
 author = {Statham, Anne},
 month = apr,
 year = {1987},
 pages = {409--430}
 }

Gender and Risk Taking

All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren

Charness, Gary, and Uri Gneezy. 2012. “Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 83 (1):50–58.

 @article{charness_strong_2012,
 title = {Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking},
 volume = {83},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
 author = {Charness, Gary and Gneezy, Uri},
 year = {2012},
 pages = {50--58}
 }

Data from 15 different experiments shows that women invest less & are more risk adverse (economic experiments)

Colquitt, Jason A., Brent A. Scott, and Jeffery A. LePine. 2007. Trust, Trustworthiness, and Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships with Risk Taking and Job Performance. American Psychological Association.

 @book{colquitt_trust_2007,
 title = {Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance.},
 shorttitle = {Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity},
 publisher = {American Psychological Association},
 author = {Colquitt, Jason A. and Scott, Brent A. and LePine, Jeffery A.},
 year = {2007}
 }

Dwyer, Peggy D., James H. Gilkeson, and John A. List. 2002. “Gender Differences in Revealed Risk Taking: Evidence from Mutual Fund Investors.” Economics Letters 76 (2):151–158.

 @article{dwyer_gender_2002,
 title = {Gender differences in revealed risk taking: evidence from mutual fund investors},
 volume = {76},
 shorttitle = {Gender differences in revealed risk taking},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Economics Letters},
 author = {Dwyer, Peggy D. and Gilkeson, James H. and List, John A.},
 year = {2002},
 pages = {151--158}
 }

Survey of mutual fund investors, women "exhibit less risk-taking" but "the impact of gender on risk taking is significantly weakened when investor knowledge of financial markets and investments is controlled in regression equation"

Elsaid, Eahab, and Nancy D. Ursel. 2011. “CEO Succession, Gender and Risk Taking.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 26 (7):499–512.

 @article{elsaid_ceo_2011,
 title = {{CEO} succession, gender and risk taking},
 volume = {26},
 number = {7},
 journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journal},
 author = {Elsaid, Eahab and Ursel, Nancy D.},
 year = {2011},
 pages = {499--512}
 }

Women CEOs are more risk adverse. The more women on board of directors the more likely they are to appoint female CEO. Use Execucomp & Compustat

Faccio, Mara, Maria-Teresa Marchica, and Roberto Mura. 2016. “CEO Gender, Corporate Risk-Taking, and the Efficiency of Capital Allocation.” Journal of Corporate Finance 39:193–209.

 @article{faccio_ceo_2016,
 title = {{CEO} gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation},
 volume = {39},
 journal = {Journal of Corporate Finance},
 author = {Faccio, Mara and Marchica, Maria-Teresa and Mura, Roberto},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {193--209}
 }

"Firms run by female CEOs have lower leverage, less volatile earnings, and a higher chance of survival… risk-avoidance behavior leads to distortions in capital allocation" data from European firms

Gustafsod, Per E. 1998. “Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Theoretical and Methodological Erspectives.” Risk Analysis 18 (6):805–811.

 @article{gustafsod_gender_1998,
 title = {Gender {Differences} in risk perception: {Theoretical} and methodological erspectives},
 volume = {18},
 shorttitle = {Gender {Differences} in risk perception},
 number = {6},
 journal = {Risk analysis},
 author = {Gustafsod, Per E.},
 year = {1998},
 pages = {805--811}
 }

Hardies, Kris, Diane Breesch, and Joël Branson. 2013. “Gender Differences in Overconfidence and Risk Taking: Do Self-Selection and Socialization Matter?” Economics Letters 118 (3):442–444.

 @article{hardies_gender_2013,
 title = {Gender differences in overconfidence and risk taking: {Do} self-selection and socialization matter?},
 volume = {118},
 shorttitle = {Gender differences in overconfidence and risk taking},
 number = {3},
 journal = {Economics Letters},
 author = {Hardies, Kris and Breesch, Diane and Branson, Joël},
 year = {2013},
 pages = {442--444}
 }

He, Xin, J. Jeffrey Inman, and Vikas Mittal. 2008. “Gender Jeopardy in Financial Risk Taking.” Journal of Marketing Research 45 (4):414–424.

 @article{he_gender_2008,
 title = {Gender jeopardy in financial risk taking},
 volume = {45},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Journal of Marketing Research},
 author = {He, Xin and Inman, J. Jeffrey and Mittal, Vikas},
 year = {2008},
 pages = {414--424}
 }

Ivanova Yordanova, Desislava, and Matilda Ivanova Alexandrova-Boshnakova. 2011. “Gender Effects on Risk-Taking of Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Bulgaria.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 17 (3):272–295.

 @article{ivanova_yordanova_gender_2011,
 title = {Gender effects on risk-taking of entrepreneurs: evidence from {Bulgaria}},
 volume = {17},
 shorttitle = {Gender effects on risk-taking of entrepreneurs},
 number = {3},
 journal = {International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior \& Research},
 author = {Ivanova Yordanova, Desislava and Ivanova Alexandrova-Boshnakova, Matilda},
 year = {2011},
 pages = {272--295}
 }

Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon, and Alexandra Bernasek. 1998. “Are Women More Risk Averse?” Economic Inquiry 36 (4):620–630.

 @article{jianakoplos_are_1998,
 title = {Are women more risk averse?},
 volume = {36},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Economic inquiry},
 author = {Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon and Bernasek, Alexandra},
 year = {1998},
 pages = {620--630}
 }

Kuhnen, Camelia M., and Brian Knutson. 2005. “The Neural Basis of Financial Risk Taking.” Neuron 47 (5):763–770.

 @article{kuhnen_neural_2005,
 title = {The neural basis of financial risk taking},
 volume = {47},
 number = {5},
 journal = {Neuron},
 author = {Kuhnen, Camelia M. and Knutson, Brian},
 year = {2005},
 pages = {763--770}
 }

MacCrimmon, Kenneth R., and Donald A. Wehrung. 1990. “Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives.” Management Science 36 (4):422–435.

 @article{maccrimmon_characteristics_1990,
 title = {Characteristics of risk taking executives},
 volume = {36},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Management science},
 author = {MacCrimmon, Kenneth R. and Wehrung, Donald A.},
 year = {1990},
 pages = {422--435}
 }

Maxfield, Sylvia, Mary Shapiro, Vipin Gupta, and Susan Hass. 2010. “Gender and Risk: Women, Risk Taking and Risk Aversion.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 25 (7):586–604.

 @article{maxfield_gender_2010,
 title = {Gender and risk: women, risk taking and risk aversion},
 volume = {25},
 shorttitle = {Gender and risk},
 number = {7},
 journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journal},
 author = {Maxfield, Sylvia and Shapiro, Mary and Gupta, Vipin and Hass, Susan},
 year = {2010},
 pages = {586--604}
 }

Women's risk-taking "remains invisible"

Olsen, Robert A., and Constance M. Cox. 2001. “The Influence of Gender on the Perception and Response to Investment Risk: The Case of Professional Investors.” The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets 2 (1):29–36.

 @article{olsen_influence_2001,
 title = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: {The} case of professional investors},
 volume = {2},
 shorttitle = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk},
 number = {1},
 journal = {The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets},
 author = {Olsen, Robert A. and Cox, Constance M.},
 year = {2001},
 pages = {29--36}
 }

Powell, Melanie, and David Ansic. 1997. “Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental Analysis.” Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6):605–628.

 @article{powell_gender_1997,
 title = {Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: {An} experimental analysis},
 volume = {18},
 shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making},
 number = {6},
 journal = {Journal of economic psychology},
 author = {Powell, Melanie and Ansic, David},
 year = {1997},
 pages = {605--628}
 }

Women less risk-seeking, men & women use different strategies looks at financial decision making

Schubert, Renate, Martin Brown, Matthias Gysler, and Hans Wolfgang Brachinger. 1999. “Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?” The American Economic Review 89 (2):381–385.

 @article{schubert_financial_1999,
 title = {Financial decision-making: are women really more risk-averse?},
 volume = {89},
 shorttitle = {Financial decision-making},
 number = {2},
 journal = {The American economic review},
 author = {Schubert, Renate and Brown, Martin and Gysler, Matthias and Brachinger, Hans Wolfgang},
 year = {1999},
 pages = {381--385}
 }

Sexton, Donald L., and Nancy Bowman-Upton. 1990. “Female and Male Entrepreneurs: Psychological Characteristics and Their Role in Gender-Related Discrimination.” Journal of Business Venturing 5 (1):29–36.

 @article{sexton_female_1990,
 title = {Female and male entrepreneurs: {Psychological} characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination},
 volume = {5},
 shorttitle = {Female and male entrepreneurs},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Journal of business venturing},
 author = {Sexton, Donald L. and Bowman-Upton, Nancy},
 year = {1990},
 pages = {29--36}
 }

Gender and Venture Capital

All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren

Amatucci, Frances M., and Jeffrey E. Sohl. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs Securing Business Angel Financing: Tales from the Field.” Venture Capital 6 (2–3):181–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579.

 @article{amatucci_women_2004,
 title = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing: tales from the field},
 volume = {6},
 issn = {1369-1066},
 shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579},
 doi = {10.1080/1369106042000223579},
 abstract = {While women-led businesses are the fastest growing segment of venture creation in the US economy, the amount of private equity capital investment they receive is disproportionately small. Informal venture capital, or business angel, investment is as large as venture capital activity, and business angels provide the majority of the critical seed and start-up stage capital. This research explores the investment decision process involving women entrepreneurs and business angels from the perspective of demand. Successful strategies of women entrepreneurs are investigated using in-depth interviews. In particular, pre-investment processes, trust, comprehensiveness, the post-investment relationship and gender are examined.},
 number = {2-3},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Amatucci, Frances M. and Sohl, Jeffrey E.},
 month = apr,
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Business Angels, Women Entrepreneurs},
 pages = {181--196}
 }

Brooks, Alison Wood, Laura Huang, Sarah Wood Kearney, and Fiona E. Murray. 2014. “Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (12):4427–31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111.

 @article{brooks_investors_2014,
 title = {Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men},
 volume = {111},
 issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
 url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4427},
 doi = {10.1073/pnas.1321202111},
 abstract = {Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur’s business proposition and previous experience are regarded as the main criteria for investment decisions. Our research, however, documents other critical criteria that investors use to make these decisions: the gender and physical attractiveness of the entrepreneurs themselves. Across a field setting (three entrepreneurial pitch competitions in the United States) and two experiments, we identify a profound and consistent gender gap in entrepreneur persuasiveness. Investors prefer pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared with pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. This effect is moderated by male physical attractiveness: attractive males were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter among female entrepreneurs.},
 language = {en},
 number = {12},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
 author = {Brooks, Alison Wood and Huang, Laura and Kearney, Sarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E.},
 month = mar,
 year = {2014},
 pmid = {24616491},
 keywords = {persuasion, physical appearance},
 pages = {4427--4431}
 }

Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Elizabeth J. Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and Myra Hart. 2004. “Gatekeepers of Venture Growth: A Diana Project Report on the Role and Participation of Women in the Venture Capital Industry.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1260385. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385.

 @techreport{brush_gatekeepers_2004,
 address = {Rochester, NY},
 type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
 title = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}},
 shorttitle = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}},
 url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385},
 abstract = {Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision makers in the venture capital industry. Data from Pratt's Guide to Venture Capital Sources for 1995 and 2000 was analyzed to identify the numbers and characteristics of women in management positions. In addition, high-profile women venture capitalists were interviewed.The study tested the hypothesis that the presence of more women in decision-making roles in the venture capital industry would provide greater access to capital for women entrepreneurs. Three key points were considered: (1) whether highly visible, experienced women venture capitalists exist in the venture capital industry; (2) whether such women venture capitalists influence decision making in their firms; and (3) whether such women venture capitalists increase the flow of women-led deals to their firms.Results indicate that the venture capital industry is overwhelmingly male; that pre-existing relationships provide an important link between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists; and that women venture capitalists do not give preferential treatment to women, although 70 percent are in partnerships that have closed deals with women-led companies. It appears that the presence of more women venture capitalists would lead to the following: increased network connections between venture capitalists and women entrepreneurs; increased numbers of proposals to women venture capitalists; a greater likelihood that firms will invest in women-owned firms; an increase in women's access to capital; and a more powerful voice for women in the country's entrepreneurial progress.},
 language = {en},
 number = {ID 1260385},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 institution = {Social Science Research Network},
 author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra},
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {Venture capital, Venture Capitalists, Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers}
 }

Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Patricia G. Greene, Myra M. Hart, and Elizabeth Gatewood. 2002. “The Role of Social Capital and Gender in Linking Financial Suppliers and Entrepreneurial Firms: A Framework for Future Research.” Venture Capital 4 (4):305–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106022000024897.

 @article{brush_role_2002,
 title = {The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: {A} framework for future research},
 volume = {4},
 issn = {1369-1066},
 shorttitle = {The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106022000024897},
 doi = {10.1080/1369106022000024897},
 abstract = {Equity capital fuels growth companies and yields high returns for investors. The process of equity investment and ultimate harvesting of innovative companies has created significant wealth among fund investors, venture capitalists, angels and new entrepreneurs. Extensive research investigates all phases of the venture capital investment process, industry characteristics and returns to investors. Surprisingly absent from current research are studies including women, on both the supply (equity provider) and demand (equity seeker) sides. Women make significant contributions to the US economy in the workforce and as business owners, yet research about women as recipients of equity capital and providers of equity is extremely scarce. This raises a question–are women being left out of the wealth creation process? Our paper addresses this question by exploring women's role in supply and demand of equity capital. We utilize a social capital perspective to develop a conceptual framework and focus our analysis on early stage and angel investment. The paper concludes with directions for future research.},
 number = {4},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth},
 month = oct,
 year = {2002},
 keywords = {Venture capital, Business Angels, Social Capital, Venture Capitalists, Women Entrepreneurs},
 pages = {305--323}
 }

Analysis of presenters at Springboard 2000 (grp with goal of increasing women's access to equity capital); use database from VenturExpert??; women VCs from Pratt's Venture Capital

Buttner, E. Holly, and Benson Rosen. 1989. “Funding New Business Ventures: Are Decision Makers Biased against Women Entrepreneurs?” Journal of Business Venturing 4 (4):249–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(89)90015-3.

 @article{buttner_funding_1989,
 title = {Funding new business ventures: {Are} decision makers biased against women entrepreneurs?},
 volume = {4},
 issn = {0883-9026},
 shorttitle = {Funding new business ventures},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902689900153},
 doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(89)90015-3},
 abstract = {Women have been leaving large corporations in increasing numbers in recent years to start their own businesses. However, they have not been succeeding at the same rate as their male counterparts. One potential barrier to a successful new venture is access to startup capital. Anecdotal evidence suggests that women starting their own businesses may have more difficulty obtaining financial support than men. In a loan decision simulation, this study systematically tested the allegations of female entrepreneurs that bank loan officers are more likely to grant loans, to make a counteroffer, and to make larger counteroffers to male entrepreneurs compared to female entrepreneurs under identical circumstances. Loan officers usually make funding decisions on the basis of information gathered from an interview and a business plan, while venture capitalists often screen proposals on the basis of a business plan alone. A second purpose of this study was to determine whether the mode of presentation—business plan versus business plan with interview—increased the male or female entrepreneur's probability of successfully obtaining a loan. A third purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the decision maker's previous experience on funding decisions. The recommendations of (experienced) loan officers versus (inexperienced) undergraduate students were compared in order to determine how experience and accountability influence loan decisions. The study consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 research design with three independent variables. Loan officers and undergraduate students either read a business plan, or read a business plan and watched a videotape of an interview between a loan officer and a male or female entrepreneur who was seeking a loan to start a business. Participants then indicated the likelihood that they would recommend approval of the loan, make a counteroffer of a smaller amount and the magnitude of the counteroffer. There was no evidence that sex stereotypes influenced business funding decisions. With respect to the amount of counteroffer, a significant three-way interaction was obtained between entrepreneurial gender, presentation format, and participant status. Loan officers made larger counteroffers to the female compared to the male when they read the business plan and watched the interview. Students made larger counteroffers to the male compared to the female when they read the business plan and observed the interview. Loan officers were significantly more cautious and conservative than students in their funding decisions. Failure to support allegations of bias against women entrepreneurs is discussed in terms of possible unrealistic expectations regarding the ease of obtaining startup capital. Further research is needed to examine this explanation. One implication of these findings is that female entrepreneurs should seek opportunities to meet with loan officers to present their business proposals. In the interview, the female has the opportunity to address questions of motivation and competence. On the other hand, bankers may make more impartial decisions when relying on information in the business plan alone, where financial considerations would have greater weight. Finally, the results suggest that studies using students as proxies for bank loan officers have very limited generalizability.},
 number = {4},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
 author = {Buttner, E. Holly and Rosen, Benson},
 month = jul,
 year = {1989},
 pages = {249--261}
 }

Carter, Nancy, Candida Brush, Patricia Greene, Elizabeth Gatewood, and Myra Hart. 2003. “Women Entrepreneurs Who Break through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, Social and Financial Capital.” Venture Capital 5 (1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106032000082586.

 @article{carter_women_2003,
 title = {Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: {The} influence of human, social and financial capital},
 volume = {5},
 issn = {1369-1066},
 shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing},
 url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106032000082586},
 doi = {10.1080/1369106032000082586},
 abstract = {This is one of the first efforts to systematically study attributes of women business owners and their equity financing strategies. The study explored the factors associated with the use of equity capital in women led firms. Hypotheses examined the influence of human and social capital on the likelihood of seeking equity funding, access to funding sources, bootstrapping techniques and development of financial strategies. Data for this study came from a survey of 235 US women business owners conducted by the National Foundation for Women Business Owners from a sample identified by Dun and Bradstreet. Results showed only graduate education significantly influenced the odds of using outside equity financing. Social capital had no direct effect on increasing likelihood of using equity but influenced the use of bootstrapping techniques. Network diversity was positively related to the use of personal sources of funding, while professional advisor relationships were negatively related to personal sources of financing. Our research suggests women obtaining higher levels of education may increase their likelihood of obtaining funding. Further, during the bootstrap phase, utilizing social capital is an asset.},
 number = {1},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Venture Capital},
 author = {Carter, Nancy and Brush, Candida and Greene, Patricia and Gatewood, Elizabeth and Hart, Myra},
 month = jan,
 year = {2003},
 keywords = {Equity Capital, Financing Strategy, Woman Entrepreneur},
 pages = {1--28}
 }

Cooper, Arnold C., F. Javier Gimeno-Gascon, and Carolyn Y. Woo. 1994. “Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing 9 (5):371–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2.

 @article{cooper_initial_1994,
 title = {Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance},
 volume = {9},
 issn = {0883-9026},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900132},
 doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2},
 abstract = {This research seeks to predict the performance of new ventures based on factors that can be observed at the time of start-up. Indicators of initial human and financial capital are considered to determine how they bear upon the probability of three possible performance outcomes: (1) failure, (2) marginal survival, or (3) high growth. Four categories of initial human and financial capital are examined. General human capital, represented here by the entrepreneur's education, gender, and race, may reflect the extent to which the entrepreneur has had the opportunity to develop relevant skills and contacts. Management know-how, embodied in the entrepreneur or available through advisors or partners, reflects management-specific skills and knowledge, without regard to the kind of business. Industry-specific know-how reflects specific experience in similar businesses. Financial capital is one of the most visible resources; it can create a buffer against random shocks and allow the pursuit of more capital-intensive strategies, which are better protected from imitation. The study utilizes a longitudinal study of 1053 new ventures, representative of all industry sectors and geographical regions. The research departs from most previous studies in considering different measures of performance (marginal survival and growth) and in considering explicitly whether the factors contributing to marginal survival differ from those contributing to high growth. It was found that measures of general human capital influenced both survival and growth (except for gender, with women-owned ventures being less likely to grow, but just as likely to survive). Management know-how variables had more limited impact. Having parents who had owned a business contributed to marginal survival, but not to growth. Number of partners contributed to growth but not to survival. Management level, prior employment in non-profit organizations or not having been in the labor force, and the use of professional advisors did not have significant effects. Industry-specific know-how contributed to both survival and growth. Amount of initial financial capital also contributed to both. The usefulness of the model is enhanced by the fact that the resource variables considered are relatively easy to assess and all can be considered at the time of start-up. Although some of the human capital variables cannot easily be changed, the benefits or risks associated with each can be assessed. In some cases, potential problems can be identified so that plans can be modified to improve prospects. Overall it appears that, using a model based upon the initial human and financial capital of the venture, it is possible to predict the performance of new ventures with some degree of confidence.},
 number = {5},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
 author = {Cooper, Arnold C. and Gimeno-Gascon, F. Javier and Woo, Carolyn Y.},
 month = sep,
 year = {1994},
 pages = {371--395}
 }

Godwin, Lindsey N., Christopher E. Stevens, and Nurete L. Brenner. 2006. “Forced to Play by the Rules? Theorizing How Mixed-Sex Founding Teams Benefit Women Entrepreneurs in Male-Dominated Contexts.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (5):623–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.x.

 @article{godwin_forced_2006,
 title = {Forced to {Play} by the {Rules}? {Theorizing} {How} {Mixed}-{Sex} {Founding} {Teams} {Benefit} {Women} {Entrepreneurs} in {Male}-{Dominated} {Contexts}},
 volume = {30},
 issn = {1540-6520},
 shorttitle = {Forced to {Play} by the {Rules}?},
 url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.x/abstract},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.x},
 abstract = {We examine how establishing a mixed-sex entrepreneurial founding team may benefit women entrepreneurs in male-dominated cultures and industries. We contend that as a result of sex-based stereotypes, women entrepreneurs face unique obstacles in securing access to resources for their ventures. We argue that one way for women entrepreneurs to overcome these obstacles is to partner with a man. Drawing upon institutional, resource-based, and network theories, we theorize how partnering with a man may help provide women entrepreneurs in male-dominated contexts with enhanced legitimacy, access to a larger number of resources, and a stronger, more diverse social network.},
 language = {en},
 number = {5},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice},
 author = {Godwin, Lindsey N. and Stevens, Christopher E. and Brenner, Nurete L.},
 month = sep,
 year = {2006},
 pages = {623--642}
 }

Gompers, Paul A., and Sophie Q. Wang. 2017. “And the Children Shall Lead: Gender Diversity and Performance in Venture Capital.” National Bureau of Economic Research.

 @techreport{gompers_and_2017,
 title = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}: {Gender} {Diversity} and {Performance} in {Venture} {Capital}},
 shorttitle = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}},
 institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
 author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Wang, Sophie Q.},
 year = {2017}
 }

Parenting daughters increases propensity to hire female partners; this improved gender diversity increased deal & fund performance.

Gompers, Paul A., Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily Weisburst, and Yuhai Xuan. 2014. “Gender Effects in Venture Capital.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2445497. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2445497.

 @techreport{gompers_gender_2014,
 address = {Rochester, NY},
 type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
 title = {Gender {Effects} in {Venture} {Capital}},
 url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2445497},
 abstract = {We explore gender differences in performance in a comprehensive sample of venture capital investments in the United States. We find that female venture capitalists significantly underperform their male colleagues controlling for personal characteristics including employment and educational history as well as the characteristics of the portfolio companies in which they invest. When we examine their performance differences, we find that the difference results from a lack of contribution by the male colleagues within their firms. We explore the mechanism for this lack of contribution from male colleagues in a large sample survey of female venture capitalists and in detailed one-on-one interviews. We find support for the notion that formal feedback mechanisms and hierarchies are useful in ameliorating the female performance gap. Female venture capitalists find gender bias in informal mentoring systems as well as in the attitude of entrepreneurs.},
 language = {en},
 number = {ID 2445497},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 institution = {Social Science Research Network},
 author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Mukharlyamov, Vladimir and Weisburst, Emily and Xuan, Yuhai},
 month = may,
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Emily Weisburst, Gender Effects in Venture Capital, Paul A. Gompers, SSRN, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Yuhai Xuan}
 }

Hart, David M. 2003. The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge University Press.

 @book{hart_emergence_2003,
 title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}},
 isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3},
 shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}},
 abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.},
 language = {en},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 author = {Hart, David M.},
 month = oct,
 year = {2003},
 keywords = {Business \& Economics / General, Social Science / Sociology / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Political Science / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy},
 annote = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}
 }

Huang, Jiekun, and Darren J. Kisgen. 2013. “Gender and Corporate Finance: Are Male Executives Overconfident Relative to Female Executives?” Journal of Financial Economics 108 (3):822–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005.

 @article{huang_gender_2013,
 title = {Gender and corporate finance: {Are} male executives overconfident relative to female executives?},
 volume = {108},
 issn = {0304-405X},
 shorttitle = {Gender and corporate finance},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X12002516},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005},
 abstract = {We examine corporate financial and investment decisions made by female executives compared with male executives. Male executives undertake more acquisitions and issue debt more often than female executives. Further, acquisitions made by firms with male executives have announcement returns approximately 2\% lower than those made by female executive firms, and debt issues also have lower announcement returns for firms with male executives. Female executives place wider bounds on earnings estimates and are more likely to exercise stock options early. This evidence suggests men exhibit relative overconfidence in significant corporate decision making compared with women.},
 number = {3},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Journal of Financial Economics},
 author = {Huang, Jiekun and Kisgen, Darren J.},
 month = jun,
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Gender, Corporate policies, Mergers and acquisitions, Overconfidence},
 pages = {822--839}
 }

Male executives exhibit overconfidence

Lins, Elmar, and Eva Lutz. 2016. “Bridging the Gender Funding Gap: Do Female Entrepreneurs Have Equal Access to Venture Capital?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27 (2–3):347–65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993.

 @article{lins_bridging_2016,
 title = {Bridging the gender funding gap: do female entrepreneurs have equal access to venture capital?},
 volume = {27},
 issn = {1476-1297},
 shorttitle = {Bridging the gender funding gap},
 url = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993},
 doi = {10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993},
 abstract = {In this study, we examine whether access to venture capital for female entrepreneurs is more constrained than for their male counterparts, taking into account their educational background and innovativeness. We use an econometric approach to analyse gender differences in gaining access to external equity capital, based on data of 3,137 German new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009. Our results emphasise a gender gap with respect to external equity funding. We find that female entrepreneurs receive less venture capital than male entrepreneurs do. This effect is particularly strong in the case of entrepreneurs with university degrees and entrepreneurial projects with high research and development activity.},
 number = {2-3},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business},
 author = {Lins, Elmar and Lutz, Eva},
 month = jan,
 year = {2016},
 pages = {347--365}
 }

Luo, Xiaowei, and Lina Deng. 2009. “Do Birds of a Feather Flock Higher? The Effects of Partner Similarity on Innovation in Strategic Alliances in Knowledge-Intensive Industries.” Journal of Management Studies 46 (6):1005–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00842.x.

 @article{luo_birds_2009,
 title = {Do {Birds} of a {Feather} {Flock} {Higher}? {The} {Effects} of {Partner} {Similarity} on {Innovation} in {Strategic} {Alliances} in {Knowledge}-{Intensive} {Industries}},
 volume = {46},
 issn = {1467-6486},
 shorttitle = {Do {Birds} of a {Feather} {Flock} {Higher}?},
 url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00842.x/abstract},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00842.x},
 abstract = {In spite of the consensus on the benefits of strategic alliances for learning and innovation, our understanding of the effects of partner similarity remains conflicted. This paper develops an integrative theoretical framework in which we propose that similar partners in a focal firm's alliance portfolio contribute to the firm's innovation up to a threshold, beyond which additional similar partners can lead to a decrease in innovation because of the trade-offs embedded in collaboration between similar partners. In this integrative framework, we also draw on organizational ecology and institutional perspectives to propose that the effect of partner similarity on innovation is positively moderated by organizational aging and the industry norm of collaboration at the firm's founding. Results from an analysis of 176 biotechnology firms between 1988 and 1999 support our arguments. This study contributes to research on strategic alliance and innovation by considering both the benefits and costs of partner similarity in the context of alliance portfolios and by exploring the multilevel contingencies for the effects of partner similarity.},
 language = {en},
 number = {6},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Journal of Management Studies},
 author = {Luo, Xiaowei and Deng, Lina},
 month = sep,
 year = {2009},
 pages = {1005--1030}
 }

Robb, Alicia M., and John Watson. 2012. “Gender Differences in Firm Performance: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (5):544–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002.

 @article{robb_gender_2012,
 title = {Gender differences in firm performance: {Evidence} from new ventures in the {United} {States}},
 volume = {27},
 issn = {0883-9026},
 shorttitle = {Gender differences in firm performance},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902611000875},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002},
 abstract = {Prior studies examining the performance of female- and male-owned firms have generally reported that female-owned firms underperform male-owned firms. However, it is conceivable that the performance measures used by previous studies and/or their inability to control for key demographic differences may have contributed to this finding. For example, few studies use size adjusted performance measures and yet we know that female-owned firms tend to be smaller than their male counterparts. Similarly, risk is typically not considered even though evidence suggests that women tend to be more risk averse than men. We use a longitudinal (five-year) database of more than 4000 new ventures that began operations in the U.S. in 2004 to determine whether potential differences in the performances of female- and male-owned firms disappear when appropriate performance measures are used and important demographic differences are controlled for in the models. The performance measures we examine include: 4-year closure rates; return on assets (ROA); and a risk-adjusted measure (Sharpe ratio). Univariate test results confirm our expectation (based on both liberal and social feminist theory) that there is no difference in the performance of female- and male-owned new ventures provided performance is appropriately measured. Further, these results are supported by our multivariate analyses, which control for demographic differences such as industry, experience and hours worked. Our findings should be of interest to researchers, financiers, advisors and policy makers. Perhaps more importantly, our findings should also ensure that women who are contemplating starting a new venture are not discouraged from doing so by a false belief that new ventures initiated by women are less likely to succeed than those initiated by men.},
 number = {5},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
 author = {Robb, Alicia M. and Watson, John},
 month = sep,
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {Gender, Firm performance, New ventures},
 pages = {544--558}
 }

Tinkler, Justine E., Kjersten Bunker Whittington, Manwai C. Ku, and Andrea Rees Davies. 2015. “Gender and Venture Capital Decision-Making: The Effects of Technical Background and Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Evaluations.” Social Science Research 51 (May):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008.

 @article{tinkler_gender_2015,
 title = {Gender and venture capital decision-making: {The} effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations},
 volume = {51},
 issn = {0049-089X},
 shorttitle = {Gender and venture capital decision-making},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14002324},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008},
 abstract = {Research on gender and workplace decision-making tends to address either supply-side disparities between men’s and women’s human and social capital, or demand-side differences in the status expectations of women and men workers. In addition, this work often relies on causal inferences drawn from empirical data collected on worker characteristics and their workplace outcomes. In this study, we demonstrate how tangible education and work history credentials – typically associated with supply-side characteristics – work in tandem with cultural beliefs about gender to influence the evaluative process that underlies venture capital decisions made in high-growth, high-tech entrepreneurship. Using an experimental design, we simulate funding decisions by venture capitalists (VCs) for men and women entrepreneurs that differ in technical background and the presence of important social ties. We demonstrate the presence of two distinct aspects of VCs’ evaluation: that of the venture and that of the entrepreneur, and find that the gender of the entrepreneur influences evaluations most when the person, rather than the venture, is the target of evaluation. Technical background qualifications moderate the influence of gendered expectations, and women receive more of a payoff than men from having a close contact to the evaluating VC. We discuss the implications for future research on gender and work.},
 urldate = {2018-01-23},
 journal = {Social Science Research},
 author = {Tinkler, Justine E. and Bunker Whittington, Kjersten and Ku, Manwai C. and Davies, Andrea Rees},
 month = may,
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Gender bias, Social psychology, Technology},
 pages = {1--16}
 }

Not Relevant

Brewer, Neil, Patricia Mitchell, and Nathan Weber. 2002. “Gender Role, Organizational Status, and Conflict Management Styles.” International Journal of Conflict Management 13 (1):78–94.

 @article{brewer_gender_2002,
 title = {Gender role, organizational status, and conflict management styles},
 volume = {13},
 number = {1},
 journal = {International journal of conflict management},
 author = {Brewer, Neil and Mitchell, Patricia and Weber, Nathan},
 year = {2002},
 pages = {78--94}
 }

Byrnes, James P., David C. Miller, and William D. Schafer. 1999. Gender Differences in Risk Taking: A Meta-Analysis. American Psychological Association.

 @book{byrnes_gender_1999,
 title = {Gender differences in risk taking: {A} meta-analysis.},
 shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk taking},
 publisher = {American Psychological Association},
 author = {Byrnes, James P. and Miller, David C. and Schafer, William D.},
 year = {1999}
 }

Craver, Charles B., and David W. Barnes. 1998. “Gender, Risk Taking, and Negotiation Performance.” Mich. J. Gender & L. 5:299.

 @article{craver_gender_1998,
 title = {Gender, risk taking, and negotiation performance},
 volume = {5},
 journal = {Mich. J. Gender \& L.},
 author = {Craver, Charles B. and Barnes, David W.},
 year = {1998},
 pages = {299}
 }

Eagly, Alice H., and Blair T. Johnson. 1990. “Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (2):233.

 @article{eagly_gender_1990,
 title = {Gender and leadership style: {A} meta-analysis.},
 volume = {108},
 shorttitle = {Gender and leadership style},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Psychological bulletin},
 author = {Eagly, Alice H. and Johnson, Blair T.},
 year = {1990},
 pages = {233}
 }

Harris, Christine R., Michael Jenkins, and Dale Glaser. 2006. “Gender Differences in Risk Assessment: Why Do Women Take Fewer Risks than Men?” Judgment and Decision Making 1 (1):48.

 @article{harris_gender_2006,
 title = {Gender differences in risk assessment: why do women take fewer risks than men?},
 volume = {1},
 shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk assessment},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Judgment and Decision making},
 author = {Harris, Christine R. and Jenkins, Michael and Glaser, Dale},
 year = {2006},
 pages = {48}
 }