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Patent Trolls are an innovation bogeymenand the most prevalent complaint launched against the patent system, with as numerous research articles and legislation addressing ways to curb troll activity. Patent Trolls, also known as [[Patent Assertion Entities]] (PAEs), generate revenue through suing or threatening to sue businesses that infringe on patents. Experts dispute terms for such corporations, labeling them as either Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs) or Non-Practicing Entities (NPEs). PAEs are defined by the FTC as "firms with a business model based primarily on buying companies that earn revenue by purchasing patents and then attempting to generate revenue by asserting them against businesses that are already practicing the accusing companies using those patented technologiesof infringement."[https://www.ftc.gov/policy/studies/patent-assertion-entities-pae-study] NPEs are firms that rely on Patent Licensing activities for revenue. [http://www.unifiedpatents.com/news/2016/5/30/2015-patent-dispute-report] There is no widely agreed upon definition of 'Patent Troll', because it is often used interchangeably with the terms [[Patent Assertion Entities]] and [[Non-Practicing Entities]], whereas we make a distinction between these three terms. For our study, we define Patent Trolls as a 'person generate revenue through suing or entity threatening to sue businesses that attempts to enforce patent rights against supposed infringement far beyond infringe on patents. Typically, the patent's actual value'[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll]. Their damages asked damages for by Patent Trolls are far beyond the market value of the patent. This is a tactic used in order to scare small businesses in the initial demand letter, when pressing them to pay the fee to license the patent.

Patent litigation involving NPEs accounted for approximately 67% of cases reviewed by District Courts.<ref name="unified" /> [http://www.unifiedpatents.com/news/2016/5/30/2015-patent-dispute-report]