Gilligan Krehbiel (1987) - Collective Decision Making And Standing Committees

• This page is referenced in BPP Field Exam Papers

Reference(s)

Gilligan, T. and K. Krehbiel (1987), Collective Decision-making and Standing Committees: An Informational Rationale for Restrictive Amendment Procedures, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 3, 287 pdf

Abstract

Specialization is a predominant feature of informed decisionmaking in collective bodies. Alternatives are often initially evaluated by standing committees comprised of subsets of the membership. Committee members may have prior knowledge about policies in the committee's jurisdiction or may develop expertise on an ongoing basis. Specialization by committees can be an efficient way for the parent body to obtain costly information about the consequences of alternative policies. Indeed, some scholars have argued persuasively that acquisition of information is the raison d'etre for legislative committees (Cooper).

Summary

The solution concept is perfect Bayesian equilibrium.

The Model

Players: There are two.

• c: A committee
• f: The legislature, or parent chamber, or 'floor', that uses a majority rule

Choice space: There are two procedures:

• [math]P^R\,[/math] is the restrictive proceedure (closed rule) where no amendments are allowed and the policy is voted against the status quo
• [math]P^U\,[/math] is the unrestrictive proceedure (open rule) where the parent body may choose any alternative to the policy.
• ... and a policy diminson [math]p\in P=R[/math] the

Policy outcomes: The outcome ([math]x\,[/math]) is linear in both the policy ([math]p\,[/math]) and random variable ([math]\omega \sim U[0,1]\,[/math], such that [math]\mathbb{E}(\omega) = \overline{\omega}\,[/math] and [math]\mathbb{V}(\omega) = \sigma_{\omega}^2\,[/math]) concerning the state of the world. That is:

[math]x = p+ \omega\,[/math]

Utilities are negative quadratice about ideal points ([math]x_f = 0\,[/math] and [math]x_c \gt 0\,[/math]). The committee can incur a cost [math]k\,[/math] to learn the state of the world if it chooses to specialize ([math]s \in \{0,1\}\,[/math]). The floor knows if the committee has specialized but not what it has learnt.

[math]u_f = -(x-x_f)^2 = -x^2\,[/math]

[math]u_c = -(x-x_c)^2 - sk\,[/math]

Information: S is known (everybody knows whether specialization happened). Specific realization of [math]\omega[/math] is unknown. Priors about [math]\omega[/math] are common.

The sequence of the game is as follows:

1. Nature chooses the state of the world [math]\omega \sim U[0,1]\,[/math]
2. The floor chooses [math]P \in \{P^U,P^R\}\,[/math] (Note not to be confused with the policy space [math]P\,[/math])
3. The committee chooses [math]s \in \{0,1\}\,[/math] (i.e. symmetric or asymmetric uncertainty -- whether to specialize or not.)
4. The committee reports a bill [math]b \in P \subset R^1\,[/math]
5. The floor updates its beliefs [math]g \in [0,1]\,[/math]
6. A policy is chosen [math]p \in P \subset R^1 \mbox{ if } P^U\,[/math] or [math]p \in \{p_0,b\} \mbox{ if } P^R\,[/math]. If the floor can offer amendments, it does.
7. There are consequences and payoffs: [math]x, u_f, u_c\,[/math] all determined

There are four games:

1. Open rule and no specialization
2. Open rule and specialization
3. Closed rule and no specialization
4. Closed rule and specialization

An equilibrium is a set of strategies [math]p^*(\cdot)\,[/math], [math]b^*(\cdot)\,[/math] and beliefs [math]g^*(\cdot)\,[/math] such that:

• [math]b^*(\omega)\,[/math] maximizes [math]\mathbb{E}u_c\,[/math], given [math]p^*(b)\,[/math]
• [math]p^*(b)\,[/math] maximizes [math]\mathbb{E}u_f\,[/math], given [math]g^*(b)\,[/math]
• [math]g^*(b) \subseteq [0,1]\,[/math] for all [math]b\,[/math] and [math]g^*(b)=\{\omega | b = b^*(\omega)\}\,[/math] whenever [math]g^*(b)\,[/math] is non-empty

Furthermore the decision to specialize must maximise the committee's expected utility and likewise the decision to choose a proceedure must maximise the floor's expect utility. (Both are formalized in the paper).

The paper makes two efficiency distinctions:

1. The outcome is only Pareto optimal iff [math]x \in [0,x_c]\,[/math]
2. The game is expertise efficient iff the choice to specialize maximizes the expected total surplus.

Open rule, no specialization

PROPOSITION 1: The equilibrium is:

[math]b^* \in P, \quad p*(b) = -\overline{\omega}, \quad g^*(b) = \{w|w \in [0,1]\}\,[/math]

The expected utilities are:

[math]\mathbb{E}u_f = -\sigma_{\omega}^2\,[/math]

[math]\mathbb{E}u_c = -\sigma_{\omega}^2 - x_c^2\,[/math]

To find the equilibrium do the following:

1. The floor maximizes its utility given its priors about the distribution. Its best guess is the mean and it believes the outcome is in the range of the distribution. [math]p^* = x_f - \overline{w} = - \overline{w}\,[/math].
2. The committee knows that it can't affect the floors posterior, and so proposes any bill.

This is found by taking [math]\mathbb{E}u_f = \mathbb{E}(-(\overline{\omega}+\omega)^2) = -(\mathbb{E}(\omega^2)-\overline{\omega}^2) = -\sigma_{\omega}^2\,[/math]. And likewise for the committee. Note that both have informational losses, and the committee has a distributional loss.

Proof of Prop 1 (same as above): [math]g^{\ast}(b)=\{w\in [0,1]\}[/math] since b is not a function of w since c does not observe w. FLoor chooses p such that [math]\max_{p}\int_{0}^{1}-(p+w)^{2}f(w)dw, f(w)=1, w\in[0,1][/math].

Outcomes are Pareto Optimal iff:

[math]\omega \in [\overline{\omega}, x_c + \overline{\omega}]\,[/math]

Comments: 1) No information transmission, 2) Leads to "info losses" for both the floor and committee, 3) Risk aversion, 4) Incomplete (by which I think he means asymmetric) info is not relevant, 5) Committee plays no role.

Open rule, specialization

Exact inference by the floor is not possible - it is not in the committee's interest to allow this. But inference in a partition of the range of the distribution is possible, much like a cheap talk model. (Specifically, see Crawford and Sobel (1982), covered in Grossman and Helpman (2001)).

Proposition 2: Let [math]a_i\,[/math] denote the partition boundaries, with [math]a_0 = 0\,[/math] and [math]a_N = 1\,[/math].

A legislative equilibrium is then:

[math]b^*(\omega) \in [x_c-a_{i+1}, x_c - a_i] \quad \mbox{if}\; \omega \in [a_i,a_{i+1}]\,[/math]

[math] p^*(b) = \begin{cases} -\frac{(a_{N-1} + a_N)}{2} & \mbox{if}\; b \lt x_c -1 \\ -\frac{(a_{i} + a_{i+1})}{2} & \mbox{if}\; b \in [x_c-a_{i+1}, x_c - a_i] \\ -\frac{(a_{0} + a_1)}{2} & \mbox{if}\; b \gt x_c \end{cases} \,[/math]

[math] g^*(b) = \begin{cases} \{\omega|\omega \in [a_{N-1} + a_N]\} & \mbox{if}\; b \lt x_c -1 \\ \{\omega|\omega \in [a_{i} + a_{i+1}]\} & \mbox{if}\; b \in [x_c-a_{i+1}, x_c - a_i] \\ \{\omega|\omega \in [a_{0} + a_1]\} & \mbox{if}\; b \gt x_c \end{cases} \,[/math]

Where [math]a_i = a_1 i + 2i(1-i)x_c\,[/math] and [math]N\,[/math] is the largest interger such that [math]|2N(1-N)x_c| \lt 1\,[/math]. Note that [math]b^{\ast}(\omega)[/math] is a correspondance!

The expected utilities are:

[math]\mathbb{E}u_f = -\frac{\sigma_{\omega}^2}{N^2} - \frac{x_c^2(N^2-1)}{3}\,[/math]

[math]\mathbb{E}u_c = -\frac{\sigma_{\omega}^2}{N^2} - \frac{x_c^2(N^2-1)}{3}- x_c^2 - k\,[/math]

Outcomes are Pareto Optimal iff:

[math]\omega \in \left[\frac{(a_i+a_{i+1})}{2}, x_c + \frac{(a_i+a_{i+1})}{2}\right]\quad i = 0,\ldots,N-1\,[/math]

See figure 4, p310 of the paper for a graphic intuitiion.

As in cheap talk models, the number of partitions that can be sustained is a function of the bias of the reporting agent. If [math]x_c \ge 3\sigma_{\omega}^2\,[/math] only one partition can be supported and the model reverts to the unspecialized case. Likewise, as the bias decreases the number of partitions increases and the floor is able to make more refined inferences about [math]\omega\,[/math], and there is less loss due to uncertainty.

The committee chooses to specialize if its expected utility is higher. Put another way, it specializes if the cost of specialization [math]k\,[/math] is less or equal to than some cut off [math]k^U\,[/math], where:

[math]K^U = \sigma_{\omega}^2 \left( 1- \frac{1}{N^2}\right) - \frac{x_c^2(N^2-1)}{3}\,[/math]

Note that it would be efficient for the committee to specialize if [math]k \ge 2K^U\,[/math] as well, as this would lead to gains to the floor, but the committee doesn't do so and is therefore 'underspecialized'.

"Key points" from Rui:

• [math]x_{1},x_{2}[/math] have to be equidistant to [math]c[/math] at cut point [math]a_{i}[/math].
• Floor beliefs must lie at the midpoint of the interval in [math]v[/math].
• Note that the equilibrium is partially separating.

Proof:

• [math]p^{\ast}(b)[/math]: Start by fixing the committee's strategy. Suppose [math]b\in[x_{c}-a_{i+1},x_{c}-a_{i}][/math]. This implies that [math]\omega\in (a_{i},a_{i+1})[/math]. The floor's problem is now [math]\max_{p}-\int_{a_{i}}^{a_{i+1}}(p+\omega)^{2}f(\omega)d(\omega) \implies p=\frac{-(a_{i+1}+a_{i})}{2}[/math]. SOC: [math]-2\lt 0 \implies p^{\ast}(b)=\frac{-(a_{i+1}+a_{i})}{2}[/math].
• b^{\ast}(\omega): Note that at the cutpoint, the committee is indifferent between which choice the committee makes. [math][-\frac{a_{i}+a_{1}}{2}]^{2}=[-\frac{a_{i-1}+a_{i}}{2}+a_{i}-x_{c}]^{2}[/math]. With [math]a_{i+1}=2a_{i}-a_{i-1}-4x_{c} \implies[/math] definitions of [math]a_{i}[/math] above.
• Beliefs: Straight forward since when [math]\omega\in[a_{i},a_{i-1}]\implies b^{\ast}(\omega)\in[x_{c}-a_{i+1},x_{c}-a_{i}]\implies g^{\ast}(b)=\{\omega|\omega\in[a_{i},a_{i+1}]\}[/math]. Which is consistant because ...
• See paper for proofs of expected utilities.

Proposition 3: Compare the expected utilities for the committee in proposition 1 (no specialization) and proposition 2 (specialization) -- both with open amendment rules. With open rules, the committee will specialize iff [math]k\lt \tilde{k}^{u}[/math] where [math]\tilde{k}^{u}=\frac{N^{2}-1}{N^{2}}\sigma^{2}_{\omega}-\frac{N^{2}-1}{3}x_{c}^{2}[/math].

Closed rule, no specialization

In this game the committee is not specialized and knows nothing, but it can get an outcome closer to it's ideal point by putting a more attractive bill (than the status quo) on the agenda.

The legislative equilibrium is then:

[math] b^*(\omega) = \begin{cases} x_c-\overline{\omega} & \mbox{if}\; p_0 \le -x_c-\overline{\omega} \mbox{ or } p_0 \ge x_c-\overline{\omega} \\ -p_0-1 & \mbox{if}\; p_0 \in (-x_c-\overline{\omega}, -\overline{\omega}) \\ b' & \mbox{if}\; P_0 \in \left[ -\overline{\omega}, x_c-\overline{\omega}\right)\mbox{ where } \mathbb{E}u_f(b') \le \mathbb{E}u_f(p_0) \end{cases} \,[/math]

[math] p^*(b) = \begin{cases} b & \mbox{if}\;\mathbb{E}u_f(b') \ge \mathbb{E}u_f(p_0) \\ p_0 & \mbox{if}\; \mathbb{E}u_f(b') \lt \mathbb{E}u_f(p_0) \end{cases} \,[/math]

[math] g^*(b) = \{\omega|\omega \in [0,1]\} \,[/math]

Note that if [math]p_0 = -\overline{\omega}\,[/math] then the expected utilities and the Pareto optimality condition are the same as in the open rule with no specialization.

Closed rule, specialization

The case of the closed rule with specialization is much like the open rule with specialization except that for extreme values of [math]\omega\,[/math] (specifically [math]\omega \le -3x_c - p_0\,[/math] and [math]\omega \ge x_c - p_0)\,[/math], the floor can exactly infer the state of the world and is willing to implement the committee's ideal point, as it prefers this to the status quo. For non-extreme values, noisy signalling again occurs, but now the committee can constrain the floor to choosing between its bill and the status quo. The full details of an equilibrium are in the paper on page 318.

Again, we can derive a condition for when the committee would wish to specialize. Crucially, under a closed rule, a committee may choose to 'overspecialize', because this results in distributional gains. A committee will specialize iff:

[math]k \le k^R + x_c^2 \mbox{ where } k^R = \sigma_{\omega}^2(1-(4x_c)^3)\,[/math]

The paper also implicity defines two bias values:

[math]x_c'' \mbox{ solves } K^R = K^U + (x_c'')^2\,[/math]

[math]x_c' \mbox{ solves } K^R = (x_c')^2\,[/math]

A committee is called:

• Moderate iff [math]x_c \le x_c'' \,[/math]
• Extreme iff [math]x_c \in (x_c'',x_c')\,[/math]
• Very Extreme iff [math]x_c \ge x_c' \,[/math]

We can then derive a set of conditions under which the floor would choose an open or closed rule, and in essence which game to play:

• For moderate committees - the closed rule is preferred irrespective of the cost of specialization (the informational gains outweight the distributive losses)
• For extreme committees - the choice of rule depends on the cost of specialization
  • The cost cut-off for specialization under the open rule is lower than that under the closed rule.
  • However, for costs below the open rule cut off the informational gains from a closed rule are less than the distributional losses - suggesting an open rule should be chosen.
  • For costs between the cut-offs using a closed rule forces specialization, and the informational gains outweigh the losses - so a closed fule should be choosen.
  • For costs above the closed rule cut off the floor's expected utility is unaffected.
• For very extreme committees - the open rule is preferred irrespective of the cost of specialization