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==About==Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data.The academic papers can be found in E drive -> McNair -> Projects -> Agglomeration -> Literature Review. ==Startups==Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil. Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2) @article{peer_are_2013, title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival}, volume = {28}, issn = {0883-9026}, shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004}, abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup densityexperiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas}, month = may, year = {2013}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival}, pages = {354--372} Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2) @article{peer_who_2008, title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises}, volume = {6}, issn = {1476-1270}, shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007}, doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007}, abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984—98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Strategic Organization}, author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew}, month = may, year = {2008}, pages = {119--149} Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2) @techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668}, abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.}, number = {ID 2518668}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, institution = {Social Science Research Network}, author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg} Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262. @article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005, title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process}, volume = {17}, issn = {0898-5626}, shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs}, url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049} doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049}, abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-10-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development}, author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars}, month = mar, year = {2005}, pages = {109--127} Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2). @article{chatman_firm_2016, title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}}, volume = {2598}, issn = {0361-1981}, url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01}, doi = {10.3141/2598-01}, abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.}, month = jan, year ={2016}, pages ={1--10}

Environments and Strategies of Organization Start-Up: Effects on Early Survival by Elaine Romanlli @article{romanelli_environments_1989, title = {Environments and {Strategies} of {Organization} {Start}-{Up}: {Effects} on {Early} {Survival}}, volume = {34}, issn = {0001-8392}, shorttitle = {Environments and {Strategies} of {Organization} {Start}-{Up}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393149}, doi = {10.2307/2393149}, abstract = {This paper explores the effects of two factors that influence the likelihood of an organization's surviving its startup years: (1) environmental resource and competitive conditions at the time of founding, and (2) strategies that an organization uses during its early years to exploit environmental conditions. The principal hypotheses link changes Agglomeration in industry sales and changes in concentration ratios (resource and competitive conditions) and early organizational strategies (market breadth and market aggressiveness) to the likelihood of early survival. Results from a longitudinal study of start-ups in the minicomputer industry indicate that, for most environmental conditions, specialist and aggressive strategies increase chances for early survival. When industry sales are increasing, generalists fare better than specialists. When industry sales are declining, efficient organizations have higher likelihoods of early survival than aggressive organizations. The findings suggest that founders can overcome hazards of start-up by tailoring strategies to environmental conditions.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-10-27}, journal = {Administrative Science Quarterly}, author = {Romanelli, Elaine}, year Economics= {1989}, pages = {369--387}

Venture Capitalists Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and Cooperative Start-up Commercialization Strategy William C. Strange. Cited by David H2427. Hsu @articleincollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004, series = {Cities and {hsu_venture_2006Geography}}, title = {Venture Chapter 49 - {CapitalistsEvidence} and on the {CooperativeNature} and {StartSources}-up of {CommercializationAgglomeration} {StrategyEconomies}}, volume = {52}, issn = {0025-19094}, url = {http://pubsonlinewww.informssciencedirect.orgcom/doiscience/absarticle/10.1287pii/mnsc.1050.0480}, doi = {10.1287/mnsc.1050.0480S1574008004800063}, abstract = {This paper examines considers the possible impact of venture capital (VC) backing empirical literature on the commercialization direction nature and sources of technology-based start-ups by asking: To what extent (if at all) do VC-funded start-ups engage in cooperative commercialization strategies (strategic alliances or technology licensingurban increasing returns, or both) relative to a comparable set also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of start-ups, and with what consequences? To address these questions, I assemble a novel data set externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that matches firms receiving a federal research and development subsidy through the U.S. Small Business Innovative Research program to VC-funded firms by observable characteristics in five technology-intensive industrieseffects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These data allow decoupling are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of cooperative activity resulting from start-up development via economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the passage of calendar time from literature suggests that due to association agglomeration economies attenuate with VCsdistance. An analysis of Recently, the 696 start-ups in literature has also begun to provide evidence on the sample microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (split by an external funding source1920) suggests substantial boosts in both cooperative activity associated with VC-backed firms : labor market pooling, input sharing, and in knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the likelihood presence of all three of an initial public offeringthese forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.}, number urldate = {22017-10-28}, urldate booktitle = {2017-10-27Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}}, journal publisher = {Management ScienceElsevier}, author = {HsuRosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.}, editor = {Henderson, David HJ.Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-François}, month = febjan, year = {20062004}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3}, keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth}, pages = {2042119--2192171}

==startup clustering==Super-peer-based Routing Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and Clustering Strategies for RDF-based Peer-to-peer Networks McMillen. Cited by Wolfgang Nejdi252 @inproceedingsincollection{nejdl_super-peer-based_2003eberts_chapter_1999, address series = {New York, NY, USAApplied {Urban}, series = {{WWWEconomics} '03}, title = {Super-peer-based Chapter 38 {RoutingAgglomeration} economies and {Clustering} {Strategies} for {RDF}-based {Peer}-to-peer {Networks}urban public infrastructure}, isbn volume = {97815811368073}, url = {http://doiwww.acmsciencedirect.orgcom/science/10.1145article/775152.775229}, doi = {10.1145pii/775152.775229S1574008099800078}, abstract = {RDF-based P2P networks have a number of advantages compared with simpler P2P networks such as Napster, Gnutella or with approaches based This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on distributed indices such as CAN agglomeration economies and CHORD. RDF-based P2P networks allow complex and extendable descriptions of resources instead of fixed and limited ones, and they provide complex query facilities against these metadata instead of simple keyword-based searchesurban public infrastructure.In previous papers, we have described Theory links the Edutella infrastructure and different kinds of Edutella peers implementing such two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an RDF-based P2P networkinput to production. In this paper we will discuss these RDF-based P2P networks as a specific example of a new One type of P2P networks, schema-based P2P networks and describe shareable input is the use close proximity of super-peer based topologies for these networks. Super-peer based networks can provide better scalability than broadcast based networks, businesses and do provide perfect support for inhomogeneous schema-based networkslabor, that generates positive externalities which support different metadata schemas and ontologies (crucial for in turn lower the production cost of one business as the Semantic Web)output of other businesses increases. FurthermoreThe externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as we will show in this papera common labor pool, they are able to support sophisticated routing and clustering strategies based on the metadata schemastechnical expertise, attributes general knowledge and ontologies usedpersonal contacts. Especially helpful in this context Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is the RDF functionality to uniquely identify schemas, attributes and ontologiesurban public infrastructure. The resulting routing indices can be built using dynamic frequency counting algorithms and support local mediation and transformation rulesPublic capital stock, and we will sketch some first ideas for implementing these advanced functionalities such as well.}highways, urldate = {2017-10-27}water treatment facilities, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Nejdl, Wolfgang and Wolperscommunication systems, Martin directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and Siberski, Wolf and Schmitz, Christoph and Schlosser, Mario and Brunkhorst, Ingo and Löser, Alexander}, year = {2003}, keywords = {distributed RDF repositories, peer-improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to-peerboth topics, schema-based routing, semantic web}, pages = {536--543} Lowest-ID with adaptive ID reassignment by Dbut not together. Gavalas @inproceedings{gavalas_lowest-id_2006, title = {Lowest-{ID} with adaptive {ID} reassignment: a novel mobile ad-hoc networks clustering algorithm}, shorttitle = {Lowest-{ID} with adaptive {ID} reassignment}, doi = {10Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones.1109/ISWPC.2006.1613559}Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, abstract = {Clustering is a promising approach for building hierarchies and simplifying the routing process but in mobile ad-hoc network environmentssome cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. The main objective Most of clustering is to identify suitable node representatives, i.e. cluster heads (CHs), to store routing and topology information these studies are at the national and maximize clusters stabilitystate levels. Traditional clustering algorithms suggest CH election exclusively based Only a handful of studies have focused on node IDs or location information the metropolitan level, and involve frequent broadcasting of control packets, even when network topology remains unchanged. More recent works take into account additional metrics (such as energy fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and mobility) and optimize initial clusteringinfrastructure effects simultaneously. However, in many situations (e.g. in relatively static topologies) re-clustering procedure is hardly ever invoked; hence initially elected CHs soon reach battery exhaustion. Herein, we introduce an efficient distributed clustering algorithm Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that uses both mobility spatial proximity and energy metrics physical infrastructure contribute positively to provide stable cluster formations. CHs are initially elected based on the time and cost-efficient lowest-ID methodproductivity of firms in urban areas. During clustering maintenance phase though, node IDs are re-assigned according More research is needed to nodes mobility explore the interrelationships between urban size and energy status, ensuring that nodes with low-mobility urban public infrastructure and sufficient energy supply are assigned low IDs and, hence, are elected as CHs. Our algorithm also reduces control traffic volume since broadcast period is adjusted according to open the nodes mobility pattern: we employ infrequent broadcasting for relative static network topologies, “black box” of agglomeration economies and increase broadcast frequency for highly mobile network configurations. Simulation results verify that energy consumption is uniformly distributed among network nodes and that signaling overhead is significantly decreasedestimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.}, urldate = {2017-11-07}, booktitle = {2006 1st Handbook of {InternationalRegional} and {SymposiumUrban} on {WirelessEconomics} {Pervasive} , publisher = {Computing}Elsevier}, author = {Gavalas, D. and Pantziou, G. and KonstantopoulosEberts, CRandall W. and MamalisMcMillen, BDaniel P.},

year = {20061999}, keywords = {Ad hoc networks, Batteries, Broadcasting, Clustering algorithms, Communication system traffic control, Intrusion detection, Network topology, Nominations and elections, Routing, Stability, ad hoc networks, adaptive ID reassignment, battery exhaustion, broadcast period, broadcasting, cluster heads, clustering maintenance, control packets, control traffic volume, cost-efficient lowest-ID method, distributed clustering algorithm, energy metrics, highly mobile network configurations, infrequent broadcasting, mobile ad-hoc networks clustering algorithm, mobile radio, nodes mobility, nodes mobility pattern, relative static network topologies, routing process, stable cluster formations, telecommunication network routing, telecommunication network topology, topology information}, pages = {5 pp.--} A P2P hierarchical clustering live video streaming system by De-Kai Liu and Ren-Hung Hwang @inproceedings{liu_p2p_2003, title = {A {P}2P hierarchical clustering live video streaming system}, doi note = {DOI: 10.11091016/ICCCN.2003.1284158}, abstract = {This paper describes P2broadcast, a novel live video streaming system for P2P networks which organizes peers into hierarchical clusters to reduce startup latency and the service interruption probability. P2broadcast has two key features: highly available and efficient join, and low service interruption probability. The highly available and efficient join algorithm uses RTT of two peers as a hint of available bandwidth between them. As a consequence, the startup latency can be shortened and overhead can be reduced. In addition, P2broadcast constructs a "short and wide" overlay tree which reduces the probability of service interruption due to the leave or failure of a peer. Our simulation results show that P2broadcast outperforms in startup latency and service interrupt probability over existing approaches in the literature.}, booktitle = {Proceedings. 12th {International} {Conference} on {Computer} {Communications} and {Networks} S1574-0080({IEEE} {Cat}. {No}.03EX71299)}, author = {Liu, De80007-Kai and Hwang, Ren-Hung}, month = oct, year = {20038}, keywords = {Availability, Bandwidth, Clustering algorithms, Computer science, Delay estimation, IP networks, Information retrieval, Internet, Network servers, Scalability, Streaming media, application level multicasting, hierarchical clustering, live video streaming system, multicast communication, overlay tree network, peer broadcast, peer-to-peer networkAgglomeration economies, round trip timeoptimal city size, service interruption probabilityproductivity, startup latencyurban public infrastructure}, pages = {1151455--1201495}

==startEconomics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-up clustering== University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public François Thisse. Cited by Joshua Powers1055 @article{powers_university_2005fujita_economics_1996, title = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: a resource-based view Economics of academic entrepreneurship{Agglomeration}}, volume = {2010}, issn = {0883-9026}, shorttitle = {University start0889-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public1583}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902604000291S0889158396900210}, doi = {10.10161006/jjjie.jbusvent1996.2003.12.0080021}, abstract = {Although academic entrepreneurship is We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a topic receiving some attention in the literature, higher education's appetite small number of places? The main reasons for expanding technology transfer activities suggests that more research is needed to inform practice. This study investigates the effects formation of particular resource sets on two university commercialization activitieseconomic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: the number of start-up companies formed (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and the number of initial public offering (IPOiii) firms to which a university had previously licensed a technologyspatial competition under strategic interaction. Utilizing multisource data on 120 universities We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a resource-based view of few general principles governing the firm framework, a set of university financial, human capital, and organizational resources were found to be significant predictors of one or both outcomes.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-10-27}, journal = {Journal organization of Business Venturing}, author = {Powers, Joshua Beconomic space. and McDougall, Patricia P.}, month = may, year = {2005}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Industry, Start-up formation, University}, pages = {291--311} A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size by Sue Birley and Paul Westhead @article{birley_taxonomy_1994few alternative, title = {A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size}, volume = {9}, issn = {0883-9026}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900248}, doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(94)90024-8}, abstract = {Based on a survey of 405 principal owner-managers of new independent business in Great Britain this paper explores two research questions— approaches are there any differences in the reasons that owner-managers articulate for starting their businesses, and, if there are, do they appear to affect the subsequent growth and size of the businesses? The results of the study indicate an affirmative answer to the first questionalso proposed. From the 23 diverse reasons leading to start-up that were identified in the literature, an underlying pattern emerged via the Principal Components AnalysisJ. Moreover, these were similar to those found in earlier studiesJapan. Thus, five of the seven components identified by the model correspond to those identified by Scheinberg and MacMillan (1988) in their eleven-country study of motivations to start a business: “Need for Approval,” “Need for Independence,” “Need for Personal Development,” “Welfare Considerations,” and “Perceived Instrumentality of WealthInt.” Two further components were identified by this current studyEcon. The first vindicates the decision to add a question not included in the previous study that related to “Tax Reduction and Indirect Benefits,” and the secondDecember 1996, the desire to “Follow Role Models” was identified by Dubini 10(19884) in her study in Italy. In order to take account of possible multiple motivations in the start-up period, cluster analysis was used to provide a classification of founder “typespp.” The seven generalized “types” of owner-managers were named as follows—the insecure (104 founders), the followers (49 founders), the status avoiders (169 founders), the confused (15 founders), the tax avoiders (18 founders), the community (49 founders), and the unfocused (1 founder)339–378. Further, evidence from the final discriminant analysis model suggested that the seven-cluster classification of owner-managers was appropriate Kyoto University and optimal. However, despite these clear differences between clusters, this was not found to be an indicator University of subsequent size or growth, as measured by sales Pennsylvania; and employment levels. The answer to the second research question would be in the negative. Therefore, we conclude that, whereas new businesses are founded by individuals with significantly different reasons leading to start-upCORE, once the new ventures are established these reasons have a minimal influence on the growth of new ventures Université Catholique de Louvain and upon the subsequent wealth creation and job generation potential. This result is important for investors and policy-makers. It suggests that strategies for “picking winners” solely based upon the characteristics of owner-managers and their stated reasons for wanting to go into business are not supported. ThusCERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, for example, targeting scarce resources to those with high opportunistic and materialistic reasons for venture initiation would miss those with a wider sense of community or those with personal needs for independence who establish similarly sized businesses with comparable levels of wealth creationCNRS).}, number = {14}, urldate = {2017-1011-2706}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturingthe Japanese and International Economies}, author = {BirleyFujita, Sue Masahisa and WestheadThisse, PaulJacques-François}, month = jandec, year = {19941996}, pages = {7339--31378}

==startup agglomeration== The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: Areview A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.

abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identilies identities four separate strains in thc the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowlcdgeknowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head. @article{head_agglomeration_1995, title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}}, volume = {38}, issn = {0022-1996}, shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R}, doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R}, abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, journal = {Journal of International Economics}, author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah}, month = may, year = {1995}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment}, pages = {223--247} The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship by Zoltan Acs. Cited by 1037 @article{acs_knowledge_2009, title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship}, volume = {32}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3}, abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-11-10}, journal = {Small Business Economics}, author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo}, month = jan, year = {2009}, pages = {15--30} Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler. Cited by 179 @article{geroski_corporate_2004, title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}}, volume = {56}, issn = {0030-7653}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800}, abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-11-10}, journal = {Oxford Economic Papers}, author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus}, year = {2004}, pages = {597--620} Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian. Cited by 11567 @misc{noauthor_regional_nodate, title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}}, url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402}, abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.}, urldate = {2017-11-10} ==GIS mapping==Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)

urldate = {2017-1011-2806},

Chapter 49 - Evidence on Where is Creativity in the Nature City? Integrating Qualitative and Sources of Agglomeration Economies GIS Methods by Stuart S. Rosenthal Chris Brennan-Horley and William C. StrangeChris Gibson @incollectionarticle{rosenthal_chapter_2004, series = {Cities and {Geography}}brennan-horley_where_2009, title = {Chapter 49 - Where is {EvidenceCreativity} on in the {Nature} and {SourcesCity} of ? {AgglomerationIntegrating} {EconomiesQualitative}}, volume = {4}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063}, abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.}, urldate = {2017-10-28}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {UrbanGIS} {EconomicsMethods}}, publisher volume = {Elsevier41}, author issn = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.}, editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques0308-François518X}, month = jan, year shorttitle = {2004}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3}, keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth}, pages = Where is {2119--2171Creativity} Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of in the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid @article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005, title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process}, volume = {17}, issn = {0898-5626City}, shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs?}, url = {httphttps://rsadoi.tandfonline.com/doi/absorg/10.10801068/08985620500074049a41406}, doi = {10.10801068/08985620500074049a41406}, abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the business gestation process, icity.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent entrepreneureconomic activities occur outside the formal sector, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination governmental spheres of both individual planning and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestoneseconomic development policy. Hypotheses are developed In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to test the effect that human and environmental resources have address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the odds task of reaching the different milestones documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the business startcity—and hard-up copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping processwere accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). The study is based on interviews Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of a representative sample concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this groupcreativity in Darwin, 197 respondents qualified and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed ‘creative’ in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999different ways. In addition, regional data at Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the municipality level is included to measure teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the available pool location of environmental resourcescreativity in the urban landscape. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor opportunities which such methods present for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a roleresearchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome spaces of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers city are presenteddescribed.}, language = {en}, number = {211}, urldate = {2017-1011-2807}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional DevelopmentEnvironment and Planning A}, author = {RotefossBrennan-Horley, Beate Chris and KolvereidGibson, LarsChris}, month = marnov, year = {20052009}, pages = {1092595--1272614}