International or Comparative Study Citations

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by David Audretsch, Max Keilbach, and Erik Lehmann

  @book{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-518351-1},
  abstract = {By serving as a conduit for knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship is the missing link between investments in new knowledge and economic growth. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship provides not just an explanation of why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent as the factor of knowledge has emerged as a crucial source for comparative advantage, but also why entrepreneurship plays a vital role in generating economic growth. Entrepreneurship is an important mechanism permeating the knowledge filter to facilitate the spill over of knowledge and ultimately generate economic growth.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press, USA},
  author = {Audretsch, David B. and Keilbach, Max C. and Lehmann, Erik E.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2006},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship},
  annote = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Erik\_Lehmann/publication/31845618\_Entrepreneurship\_and\_Economic\_Growth\_DB\_Audretsch\_MC\_Keilbach\_EE\_Lehmann/links/00b49528522209f258000000.pdf}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth by Randall Holcombe'

  @article{holcombe_entrepreneurship_1998,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {1098-3708, 1936-4806},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12113-998-1008-1},
  doi = {10.1007/s12113-998-1008-1},
  language = {en},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-02-17},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics},
  author = {Holcombe, Randall G.},
  month = jun,
  year = {1998},
  pages = {45--62},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7J6IR3EH/s12113-998-1008-1.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth by David Audretsch and Roy Thurik

  @incollection{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2003,
  series = {Advances in {Austrian} {Economics}},
  title = {Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth},
  volume = {6},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1529-2134%2803%2906003-4},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  booktitle = {Austrian {Economics} and {Entrepreneurial} {Studies}},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  author = {Audretsch, David B. and Thurik, A.Roy},
  month = jan,
  year = {2003},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4
  DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4},
  pages = {39--56},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MAAM7XIS/Audretsch and Thurik - 2003 - Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic .html:text/html}

The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped? by Sander Wennekers, Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik

  @article{wennekers_relationship_2010,
  title = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}: {Is} {It} {U}-{Shaped}?},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1551-3114, 1551-3122},
  shorttitle = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}},
  url = {http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/ENT-023},
  doi = {10.1561/0300000023},
  abstract = {The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped?},
  language = {English},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship},
  author = {Wennekers, Sander and Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy},
  month = jul,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {167--237},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WF65SNQE/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BKKD9QHN/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.html:text/html}

The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth by Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik

  @article{stel_effect_2005,
  title = {The {Effect} of {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} on {National} {Economic} {Growth}},
  volume = {24},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6},
  abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. We test whether this influence depends on the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations for achieving economic growth by incorporating the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/managers of young businesses affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy},
  month = apr,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {311--321},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FT24NI8Q/Stel et al. - 2005 - The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National.html:text/html}

Innovation and economic growth by G. Cameron

  @misc{cameron_innovation_1996,
  type = {Monograph},
  title = {Innovation and economic growth},
  url = {http://cep.lse.ac.uk},
  abstract = {This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation and economic growth. It considers a number of different measures of innovation, such as R\&D spending, patenting, and innovation counts, as well as the pervasive effect of technological spillovers between firms, industries, and countries. There are three main conclusions. The first is that innovation makes a significant contribution to growth. The second is there are significant spillovers between countries, firms and industries, and to a lesser extent from government-funded research. Third, that these spillovers tend to be localized, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological catch-up may act to equalize productivity across countries, the process is likely to be slow and uncertain, and require substantial domestic innovation effort.},
  language = {en},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  author = {Cameron, G.},
  month = feb,
  year = {1996},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZDX7XF2X/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GMK4JNQK/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:text/html}

Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Culture: The Interaction Between Technology, Progress and Economic Growth by Terrence Brown and J. M. Ulijn

  @book{brown_innovation_2004,
  title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}: {The} {Interaction} {Between} {Technology}, {Progress} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-1-84542-055-0},
  shorttitle = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}},
  abstract = {The purpose of this book is to examine the nature of organizational innovation and change by looking at the complex interplay between entrepreneurship, innovation and culture.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
  author = {Brown, Terrence E. and Ulijn, J. M.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2004},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General}
  
  Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth by Chris Freeman
     @article{freeman_continental_2002,
     series = {Innovation {Systems}},
     title = {Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth},
     volume = {31},
     issn = {0048-7333},
     url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733301001366},
     doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00136-6},
     abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of innovation systems to economic growth rates over the last two centuries. The focus is on complementarity (or lack of it) between sub-systems of society and on models of active learning in catching up economies. The paper discusses variations in rates of growth of economic regions and the extent to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”. The analysis is applied to Britain in the 18th century, the United States in the second half of the 19th century and the innovation systems of catching up countries in the 20th century.},
     number = {2},
     urldate = {2017-02-27},
     journal = {Research Policy},
     author = {Freeman, Chris},
     month = feb,
     year = {2002},
     keywords = {Economic growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change},
     pages = {191--211},
     file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KXFNJ3PU/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7M7E3EH3/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .html:text/html}

Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: The case of the University of Calgary James Chrisman, Timothy Hynes, and Shelby Fraser

  @article{chrisman_faculty_1995,
  title = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: {The} case of the {University} of {Calgary}},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {0883-9026},
  shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269500015Z},
  doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(95)00015-Z},
  abstract = {The common perception of universities as merely institutions of higher learning is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines of economic growth and development. This study documents the entrepreneurial activities of the faculty of the University of Calgary, as well as the impact the University has had and the impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activities. Results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as a consequence of significant faculty inputs. These ventures, in turn, have generated at least 723 new jobs in Alberta. Furthermore, our projections suggest that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year in the near future. Implications for the role universities and governments should play to encourage faculty entrepreneurship are discussed.},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
  author = {Chrisman, James J. and Hynes, Timothy and Fraser, Shelby},
  month = jul,
  year = {1995},
  pages = {267--281},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8GNRIU7Q/Chrisman et al. - 1995 - Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development.html:text/html}

International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship by Martin Carree and Roy Thurik

  @incollection{carree_impact_2010-1,
  series = {International {Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}},
  title = {The {Impact} of {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}},
  copyright = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC},
  isbn = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_20},
  abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth; (4) The effects of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusion.},
  language = {en},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  author = {Carree, Martin A. and Thurik, A. Roy},
  editor = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.},
  year = {2010},
  note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20},
  keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship},
  pages = {557--594},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MHQV2FE3/Carree et al. - 2010 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited by Nathaniel Leff

  @article{leff_entrepreneurship_1979,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}: {The} {Problem} {Revisited}},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2723640},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  author = {Leff, Nathaniel H.},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {46--64}

Innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth by Miguel-Angel Galindo, Maria-Teresa Mendez-Picazo

  @article{galindo_innovation_2013,
  title = {Innovation, entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0025-1747},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00251741311309625},
  doi = {10.1108/00251741311309625},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Management Decision},
  author = {Galindo, Miguel‐Ángel and Méndez‐Picazo, María‐Teresa},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {501--514}
  
  
  Special Section Knowledge Dynamics out of Balance: Knowledge Biased, Skewed and Unmatched by David Audretsch and Max Keilbach
     @article{audretsch_resolving_2008,
     series = {Special {Section} {Knowledge} {Dynamics} out of {Balance}: {Knowledge} {Biased}, {Skewed} and {Unmatched}},
     title = {Resolving the knowledge paradox: {Knowledge}-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth},
     volume = {37},
     issn = {0048-7333},
     shorttitle = {Resolving the knowledge paradox},
     url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733308001881},
     doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2008.08.008},
     abstract = {The knowledge paradox suggests that high levels of investment in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate the anticipated levels of competitiveness of growth. In particular, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalanced, so that the competitiveness and growth ensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across individuals, firms, and spatial units of observation, such as regions and countries. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurial activity to growth within the context of German regions, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of knowledge spillovers.},
     number = {10},
     urldate = {2017-02-23},
     journal = {Research Policy},
     author = {Audretsch, David B. and Keilbach, Max},
     month = dec,
     year = {2008},
     keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge},
     pages = {1697--1705},
     file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TADZBQ3M/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9ZDNQCVF/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis by Hector Salgado-Banda

  @article{salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1084-9467},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  url = {http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S1084946707000538},
  doi = {10.1142/S1084946707000538},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth by using a new variable based on patent data to proxy for productive entrepreneurship. Data on self-employment is used as an alternative proxy. The study considers 22 OECD countries and finds a positive relationship between the proposed measure of productive entrepreneurship — degree of innovativeness of different nations — and economic growth, while the alternative measure, based on self-employment, appears to be negatively correlated with economic growth. A battery of econometric specifications and techniques backs the findings.},
  number = {01},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship},
  author = {Salgado-Banda, Héctor},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {3--29},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZGS7GAFF/Salgado-Banda - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth an empirical.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy by Zoltan Acs and Laszlo Szerb

  @article{acs_entrepreneurship_2007,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Growth} and {Public} {Policy}},
  volume = {28},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3},
  abstract = {This paper is an introduction to the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The conference focused on developing a better understanding of the relationships among entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy, and variations according to the stage of economic development. The papers in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro data, and offer several important policy recommendations. First, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capital, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise development. It is important to start enterprise development policies early because the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change in the short run. Second, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most cases, will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and deregulation of financial markets may be needed to support growth of high-performance ventures.},
  language = {en},
  number = {2-3},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Szerb, Laszlo},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {109--122},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZZK72585/Acs and Szerb - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Polic.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Western European Countries and the United States by Miltiades Georgiou

  @techreport{georgiou_entrepreneurship_2009,
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
  title = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis} for {Western} {European} {Countries} and the {United} {States} 1990-2004},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}},
  url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478903},
  abstract = {In this paper a distinction will be made between manager and owner and it will be attempted to estimate numerically the country’s total economy’s entrepreneuri},
  number = {ID 1478903},
  urldate = {2017-02-24},
  institution = {Social Science Research Network},
  author = {Georgiou, Miltiades N.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {corporate governance, economic growth, entrepreneurship},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKT9D7FX/Georgiou - 2009 - Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth An Empiri.html:text/html}

Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Andre van Stel

  @book{stel_empirical_2006,
  title = {Empirical {Analysis} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  isbn = {978-0-387-29419-3},
  abstract = {The importance of entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth in contemporary economies is widely recognized, both by policy makers and economists. It is deeply embedded in the current European policy approach that the creativity and independence of entrepreneurs contribute to higher levels of economic activity. Indeed, according to the European Commission (2003, p. 9), "The challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thrive. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels of entrepreneurship, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to grow. " Audretsch (2003, p. 5) states that "Entrepreneurship has become the engine of economic and social development throughout the world. " The relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth is embedded in several strands of the economic literature. A first strand of literature involves the general understanding of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Seminal contributions were made by Schumpeter (1934), Knight (1921) and Kirzner (1973). These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspect, Knight stresses the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibrium. Acs (1992) discusses the contribution of small firms in modern economies.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
  author = {Stel, André van},
  month = jun,
  year = {2006},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: VUOHlzSuqk0C},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}

RandD, innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis by Hulya Ulku

  @book{ulku_randd_2004,
  title = {{RandD}, innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis}},
  isbn = {978-1-4519-0480-2},
  shorttitle = {{RandD}, innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the main postulations of the R\&D based growth models that innovation is created in the R\&D sectors and it enables sustainable economic growth, provided that there are constant returns to innovation in terms of R\&D. The analysis employs various panel data techniques and uses patent and R\&D data for 20 OECD and 10 Non-OECD countries for the period 1981–97. The results suggest a positive relationship between per capita GDP and innovation in both OECD and non-OECD countries, while the effect of R\&D stock on innovation is significant only in the OECD countries with large markets. Although these results provide support for endogenous growth models, there is no evidence for constant returns to innovation in terms of R\&D, implying that innovation does not lead to permanent increases in economic growth. However, these results do not necessarily suggest a rejection of R\&D based growth models, given that neither patent nor R\&D data capture the full range of innovation and R\&D activities.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
  author = {Ulku, Hulya},
  month = sep,
  year = {2004},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: hfY8XHg8HCYC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / Macroeconomics, Business \& Economics / International / Economics}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development by Adam Szirmai, Wim Naude, and Micheline Goedhuys

  @book{szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation}, and {Economic} {Development}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-959651-5},
  abstract = {Entrepreneurship and innovation are two of the most pervasive concepts of our times, yet there are still gaps in our understanding of the interactions between entrepreneurship and innovation, particularly in developing countries. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses on the entrepreneurship-innovation-development nexus, drawing heavily on empirical evidence from developing countries. Cross-country and individual country experiences cover nations as diverse as Ethiopia, India, Turkey, Vietnam, and also examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets of questions are addressed. What is the impact of entrepreneurship and innovation on growth and development? What determines the innovative performance of entrepreneurs in developing countries? What role does the institutional environment play in shaping the extent and impact of innovative activities? A key message is that entrepreneurial innovation, whether through small firms, large national firms, or multinational firms, is often vibrant in developing countries, but does not always realise its full potential. This is due to institutional constraints, the absence of the appropriate mix of different types of small and large and domestic and foreign firms, and insufficiently developed firm capabilities. The contributions provide a better understanding of the determinants and impacts of innovation in developing countries and the policies and institutions that support or hinder innovation.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {OUP Oxford},
  author = {Szirmai, Adam and Naudé, Wim and Goedhuys, Micheline},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: ML8c8YPvTvsC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / Microeconomics, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}

The Determinants of National Competitiveness by Mercedes Delgado, Christian Ketels, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern

  @techreport{delgado_determinants_2012,
  type = {Working {Paper}},
  title = {The {Determinants} of {National} {Competitiveness}},
  url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w18249},
  abstract = {We define foundational competitiveness as the expected level of output per working-age individual that is supported by the overall quality of a country as a place to do business. The focus on output per potential worker, a broader measure of national productivity than output per current worker, reflects the dual role of workforce participation and output per worker in determining a nation's standard of living. Our framework highlights three broad and interrelated drivers of foundational competitiveness: social infrastructure and political institutions, monetary and fiscal policy, and the microeconomic environment. We estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering more than 130 countries over the 2001-2008 period. We find a positive and separate influence of each driver on output per potential worker. The microeconomic environment has a positive effect on output per potential worker even after controlling for historical legacies. Using our framework we define a new concept, global investment attractiveness, which is the cost of factor inputs relative to a country's competitiveness. This analysis reveals important insight into the economic trajectory of individual countries. Our framework also offers a novel methodology for the estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of national competitiveness.},
  number = {18249},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Ketels, Christian and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
  month = jul,
  year = {2012},
  note = {DOI: 10.3386/w18249},
  file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HXSAFKCF/Delgado et al. - 2012 - The Determinants of National Competitiveness.pdf:application/pdf}

Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed--and What to Do About It by Josh Lerner

  @book{lerner_boulevard_2009,
  title = {Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}: {Why} {Public} {Efforts} to {Boost} {Entrepreneurship} and {Venture} {Capital} {Have} {Failed}--and {What} to {Do} {About} {It}},
  isbn = {978-1-4008-3163-0},
  shorttitle = {Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}},
  abstract = {Silicon Valley, Singapore, Tel Aviv--the global hubs of entrepreneurial activity--all bear the marks of government investment. Yet, for every public intervention that spurs entrepreneurial activity, there are many failed efforts that waste untold billions in taxpayer dollars. When has governmental sponsorship succeeded in boosting growth, and when has it fallen terribly short? Should the government be involved in such undertakings at all? Boulevard of Broken Dreams is the first extensive look at the ways governments have supported entrepreneurs and venture capitalists across decades and continents. Josh Lerner, one of the foremost experts in the field, provides valuable insights into why some public initiatives work while others are hobbled by pitfalls, and he offers suggestions for how public ventures should be implemented in the future.  Discussing the complex history of Silicon Valley and other pioneering centers of venture capital, Lerner uncovers the extent of government influence in prompting growth. He examines the public strategies used to advance new ventures, points to the challenges of these endeavors, and reveals the common flaws undermining far too many programs--poor design, a lack of understanding for the entrepreneurial process, and implementation problems. Lerner explains why governments cannot dictate how venture markets evolve, and why they must balance their positions as catalysts with an awareness of their limited ability to stimulate the entrepreneurial sector.  As governments worldwide seek to spur economic growth in ever more aggressive ways, Boulevard of Broken Dreams offers an important caution. The book argues for a careful approach to government support of entrepreneurial activities, so that the mistakes of earlier efforts are not repeated.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
  author = {Lerner, Josh},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: cv10iRcUXVgC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / Finance / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}

The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective by Martin Obschonka, Eva Schmitt-Rodermund, Rainer Silbereisen, and Samuel Gosling, and Jeff Potter

  @article{obschonka_regional_2013,
  title = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}: {A} socioecological perspective},
  volume = {105},
  copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved},
  issn = {1939-1315 0022-3514},
  shorttitle = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}},
  doi = {10.1037/a0032275},
  abstract = {In recent years the topic of entrepreneurship has become a major focus in the social sciences, with renewed interest in the links between personality and entrepreneurship. Taking a socioecological perspective to psychology, which emphasizes the role of social habitats and their interactions with mind and behavior, we investigated regional variation in and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone Big Five profile. Specifically, we analyzed personality data collected from over half a million U.S. residents (N = 619,397) as well as public archival data on state-level entrepreneurial activity (i.e., business-creation and self-employment rates). Results revealed that an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile is regionally clustered. This geographical distribution corresponds to the pattern that can be observed when mapping entrepreneurial activity across the United States. Indeed, the state-level correlation (N = 51) between an entrepreneurial personality structure and entrepreneurial activity was positive in direction, substantial in magnitude, and robust even when controlling for regional economic prosperity. These correlations persisted at the level of U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (N = 15) and were replicated in independent German (N = 19,842; 14 regions) and British (N = 15,617; 12 regions) samples. In contrast to these profile-based analyses, an analysis linking the individual Big Five dimensions to regional measures of entrepreneurial activity did not yield consistent findings. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for interdisciplinary theory development and practical applications.},
  language = {English},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  author = {Obschonka, Martin and Schmitt-Rodermund, Eva and Silbereisen, Rainer K. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {*Entrepreneurship, *Personality Traits, *Regional Differences, Ecological Factors, Sociology},
  pages = {104--122},
  file = {APA Psycnet Fulltext PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKW7AHQ9/Obschonka et al. - 2013 - The regional distribution and correlates of an ent.pdf:application/pdf}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data by Pekka Ilmakunnas and Vesa Kanniainen

  @article{ilmakunnas_entrepreneurship_2001,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}: {Results} with {OECD} {Data} 1978–93},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {1468-0475},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0475.00034/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0475.00034},
  abstract = {We find evidence in the OECD cross-country data to support the Knightian view that non-diversifiable economic risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of entrepreneurial and labor risk is found to be statistically significant and detrimental to entrepreneurship. The crowding-out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of public production of public goods in the OECD data. Weak evidence is found for the proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is related to the degree of income inequality and to the union power in the economy. The results also suggest that in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, self-employment is high.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {German Economic Review},
  author = {Ilmakunnas, Pekka and Kanniainen, Vesa},
  month = aug,
  year = {2001},
  pages = {195--218},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8ZVRACRP/abstract.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data by Poh kam Wong, Yuen Ping Ho, and Erkko Autio

  @article{wong_entrepreneurship_2005,
  title = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}: {Evidence} from {GEM} data},
  volume = {24},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1},
  abstract = {Studies on the impact of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role of␣new firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of growth. One area of interest is the contrast between different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and medium enterprises in advanced countries.},
  language = {en},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Wong, Poh Kam and Ho, Yuen Ping and Autio, Erkko},
  month = apr,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {335--350},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/2NDFWSU6/Wong et al. - 2005 - Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth .html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries by Dave Valliere and Rein Peterson

  @article{valliere_entrepreneurship_2009,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth: {Evidence} from emerging and developed countries},
  volume = {21},
  issn = {0898-5626},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620802332723},
  doi = {10.1080/08985620802332723},
  abstract = {This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the economic effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years 2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) research, are used to identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests that, in developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedom. However, in emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms.},
  number = {5-6},
  urldate = {2017-02-23},
  journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
  author = {Valliere, Dave and Peterson, Rein},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {economic growth, emerging nations, entrepreneurship, knowledge creation, regulatory freedom},
  pages = {459--480},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/A8ZVWXV8/Valliere and Peterson - 2009 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth Evidence fro.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state? by Magnus Henrekson

  @article{henrekson_entrepreneurship:_2005,
  title = {Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state?},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {0960-6491},
  shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/14/3/437/679151/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state},
  doi = {10.1093/icc/dth060},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-04-03},
  journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
  author = {Henrekson, Magnus},
  month = jun,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {437--467},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KKWH46HX/Henrekson - 2005 - Entrepreneurship a weak link in the welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CKQVD3IK/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and welfare by Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada

  @article{tamvada_entrepreneurship_2010,
  title = {Entrepreneurship and welfare},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5},
  doi = {10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5},
  abstract = {Here, I examine returns to entrepreneurship using a standard measure of welfare, the per-capita consumption expenditure. This analysis, using quantile regressions, reveals the existence of a welfare hierarchy in occupations. The results suggest that, across the welfare distribution, entrepreneurs who employ others have the highest returns in terms of consumption, while those entrepreneurs who work for themselves, that is, self-employed individuals, have slightly lower returns than the salaried employees. However, self-employment entails higher returns than casual labor and a relative escape from poverty.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-03-27},
  journal = {Small Business Economics},
  author = {Tamvada, Jagannadha Pawan},
  month = jan,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {65--79},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XCZDSSXS/Tamvada - 2010 - Entrepreneurship and welfare.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/52GUIKIW/s11187-009-9195-5.html:text/html}