University Patents

McNair Project

University Patents
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Project Overview

Goal: list of all universities and # of patents each university and patent licensing

patent reassignment to startups associated with these universities

clinical trials (from Catherine) data to rank universities R&D engagement

identify list of universities: board of regents, universities in patent data (find patterns associated with university assignees)

AUTM?

What to get from other people

Avesh has clinical trial data on wiki and bulk drive (FDA Trials Data), need to build it into normal form, use clinical trials data to rank R&D engagement of universities, will be building up portfolios of different types of companies

Marcela is cleaning up patent data

Catherine has zip codes of medical centers, use to look through patent data

Questions

• How innovative are universities compared to publicly-traded firms, etc.? (firms: 100 active patents at any given time)
• How do universities license?
• What does the average portfolio look like for universities? (compared to publicly traded, VC-backed, etc)
• What can explain the differences in rankings? (size, quality of universities, TTOs and quality/experience of workers - searched LinkedIns, geography, entrepreneurship programs, NIH/NSF grants)

To Do

1. lit review (look at for 1-2 days), look for holistic picture, what has/hasn’t been done? what are the questions people are asking?

2. look at patent data, determine how to find universities in patent database: board of regents, universities in patent data (find patterns associated with university assignees)

Lit Reviews

Thursby, J. & Thursby, M.: Who Is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing (2002)

[1]

 @article{thursby2002who,
   title={Who Is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing},
   author={Thursby, Jerry G. and Thursby, Marie C.},
   journal={Management Science},
   volume={48},
   number={1},
   pages={90--104},
   year={2002},
   publisher={INFORMS},
   filename={Thursby Thursby (2002) - Who Is Selling the Ivory Tower}
 }

Findings

• The survey supports the view that industry reliance on university inventions increased during this period, and, in indicating the reasons, respondents weighted changes in their own R&D more heavily than a change in faculty research toward topics of greater interest to industry. Together with the productivity results, this suggests that the primary reason for increased invention disclosures may indeed be an increased propensity for faculty to disclose rather than a change in research focus. The industry survey also supports an increased receptivity of universities to industry contracts. (92)
• Perhaps the most surprising result is the negative total TFP growth of licenses executed (-1.7% annual growth). That is, growth in disclosures and patent applications has been greater than the corresponding growth in licenses executed. We interpret this to mean that the marginal university innovation offered to the market has declined in commercial appeal; universities are apparently delving more deeply into the available pool of innovations in their efforts to increase their commercial activities. (102)
• Finally, we do not have evidence on the importance of learning by doing on the part of TTOs except to note our finding of a negative association between TTO growth and TFP growth in licensing, which would suggest at least the possibility of learning by doing effects. (102)

Data Sources

AUTM surveys show 7.1% growth in yearly inventions disclosure from 1994-1998 for 64 universities that responded every year

Other Discoveries

• On the role of patents and publications in the transfer process: Adams 1990, Henderson et al. 1998, and Jaffe et al. 1993
• On consulting, sponsored research or institutional ties: Cohen et al. 1998; Mansfield 1995; Zucker et al. 1994, 1998
• On the nature of university licensing: Jensen and Thursby 2001, Mowery et al. 2001a,b, Mowery et al. 2001, Siegel et al. 1999, Thursby et al. 2001, Thursby and Kemp 2001
• None of them provides a structure that allows analysis of the sources of growth

Thursby, J., Jensen, Thursby, M.: Objectives, Characteristics and Outcomes of University Licensing: A Survey of Major U.S. Universities (2001)

[2]

 @article{thursby2001objectives,
   title={Objectives, Characteristics and Outcomes of University Licensing: A Survey of Major U.S. Universities},
   author={Thursby, Jerry G., Jensen, Richard, and Thursby, Marie C.},
   journal={The Journal of Technology Transfer},
   volume={26},
   number={1},
   pages={59--72},
   year={2001},
   publisher={Springer},
   abstract={This paper describes results of our survey of licensing at 62 research universities. We consider ownership, income splits, stage of development, marketing, license policies and characteristics, goals of licensing and the role of the inventor in licensing. Based on these results we analyze the relationship between licensing outcomes and both the objectives of the TTO and the characteristics of the technologies. Patent applications grow one-to-one with disclosures, while sponsored research grows similarly with licenses executed. Royalties are typically larger the higher the quality of the faculty and the higher the fraction of licenses that are executed at latter stages of development. Sponsored research is more likely to be included in a license if the new technology is at an early stage of development or if the TTO evaluates it as important. We find that additional disclosures generate smaller percentage increases in licenses, and those increases in licenses generate smaller percentage increases in royalties.},
   filename={Thursby et al (2001) - Objectives, Characteristics and Outcomes of University Licensing}
 }

The Bayh-Dole Act and High-Technology Entrepreneurship in U.S. Universities: Chicken, Egg, or Something Else? (2004)

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.484.1612&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Findings

• University research has an unusually significant impact on industrial innovation in the biomedical sector
• " This work also suggests that academic research rarely produces “prototypes” of inventions for development

and commercialization by industry—instead, academic research informs the methods and disciplines employed by firms in their R&D facilities."

• The U.S. higher education system is much larger and more heterogenous than other developed countries - this encourages competition
• The passage of the Bayh-Dole Act was one part of a broader shift in U.S. policy toward stronger

intellectual property rights

• "Universities increased their share of patenting from less than 0.3% in 1963 to nearly 4% by 1999, but the rate of growth in this

share begins to accelerate before rather than after 1980."